YD  1^773 


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B  M  5514  Oil 


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BUFFALO 

FORGE 
COMPANX 

BUFFALO,  NX  U'5A 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Gl  FT    OF 


Class 


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_____ 


Mechanical  Draft — "  An  application  of  fans  for  securing  the  highest 
efficiency  of  fuel  and  the  greatest  steaming  capacity  of  boilers." — Fiske. 


THE    VILLAGE    BLACKSMITH 
"  From  the  manufacture  of  his  modest  equipment  mightier  things  have  grown." 


ILLUSTRATED     CATALOGUE     OF 

BUFFALO  MECHANICAL  DRAFT  APPARATUS 


Induced  and  Forced  Applications  of 

Mechanical    Draft    to    Central    Power    Stations  in  Street    Railway, 

Electric  Light,  Steamship    Plants  and  Industrial  Works, 

With   Illustrations  of  Suitable  Fan  Types 


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'1 

Buffalo  Forge  Company,   Buffalo,   New  York,   U.  S.  A. 


Registered  Cable  Address, 
"  FORC.K." 


OFFICES    IN    PRINCIPAL    AMERICAN    AND     EUROPEAN     CITIES 

Branches:  New  York,  Chicago,  London 


Long  Distance  Telephone 
Service 


1OO3 

UNITED  STATES  UNITED  KINGDOM 

COPYRIGHTED   BY 
BUFFALO     FORGE     COMPANY 

BUFFALO,    N.  Y.,    U.  S.  A. 


P  r  e  f  a  c  e . 

THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  has  been  pre-eminently  the  era  of  economy  in  production.     Increasing  compe- 
tition in  all  branches  of  the  arts  and  sciences  has  inevitably  resulted  in  cheapening  the  cost  of  manu- 
facture, and  there  is  hardly  an  industry  that  has  not  seen  the  invention  of  some   automatic  or  semi- 
automatic labor-saving  device  by  which  the  work  of  men's  hands  has  been  brought  to  a  minimum. 

These  devices  have  almost  universally  taken  the  form  of  machines,  and  the  power  for  running  these  has 
necessarily  become  a  most  important  factor  in  determining  the  cost  of  production.  With  the  growth  of  manu- 
facturing centers,  water  power  has  become  inadequate  or  not  sufficient  to  be  depended  upon,  and  the  rise  in  value 
of  real  estate  has  necessitated  the  utilization  of  every  available  foot  of  floor  space. 

Any  system  of  figuring  costs  brings  the  owner's  close  attention  to  the  coal  pile,  and  the  increasing  smoke 
nuisance  has  likewise  engaged  the  eye  of  the  public,  resulting  in  the  enforcement  of  smoke  ordinances. 

From  all  these  causes,  it  is  natural  that  men  should  look  for  some  improvement  in  the  method  of  pro- 
duction as  well  as  utilization  of  power.  The  tubular  boiler  has  superseded  the  original  plain  tank  of  boiling 
water,  and  the  water -tube  boiler  is  a  later  addition,  the  object  being  the  more  rapid  production  of  steam, 
and  to  secure  the  maximum  heating  effect  from  the  coal  consumed.  To  this  end,  various  draft-improving  and 
regulating  devices  have  also  been  put  on  the  market,  first  as  supplementary  to,  and  later  as  improved  substitutes 
for,  the  chimney.  One  of  the  first  of  these,  and  the  one  which  best  satisfied  all  requirements,  was  the  fan. 

Stating  briefly  the  considerations  which  have  led  to  the  use  of  the  fan  for  mechanical  draft,  they  are: 
first  cost;  economy  in  operation  under  any  load,  light  or  heavy,  within  the  capacity  of  the  boiler;  increased 
efficiency  in  steam  generated  per  pound  of  fuel;  close  automatic  regulation  of  steam  pressure  carried  on  the 
boiler;  and  adaptability  in  form  and  proportions  to  use  any  available  space.  These  desirable  points,  with 
additional  features,  will  be  considered  more  in  detail  in  the  following  pages. 

This  catalogue  also  contains  cuts  showing  various  types  of  Buffalo  Mechanical  Draft  Fans,  and  engines  for 
driving  them,  with  illustrations  from  photographs  of  installations  in  operation.  The  tabulated  data  also  given 
will  be  found  of  service  in  obtaining  general  information  on  the  yarious  points  of  application.  The  services 
of  our  engineering  department  are  at  all  times  at  the  command  of  prospective  customers,  who  will  thus  receive 
the  benefit  of  our  experience  dating  back  to  the  first  use  of  mechanical  draft,  and  the  special  apparatus  which 
is  often  required  for  the  economic  use  of  the  cheapest  fuel  in  that  locality. 

BUFFALO  FORGE  COMPANY, 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A. 

1^0782 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

View  of  the  Manufacturing  Plant 


WORKS    OF    THE    BUFFALO    FORGE    COMPANY,    BUFFALO,    N.   Y.,    U.    S.    A. 


or 

Buffalo   MechamcaTTCh-aft   Apparatus 

Description  of  the  Manufacturing  Plant 

BUFFALO. — With  regard  to  those  advantages  of  location  which  largely  determine  the  relative  commercial 
and  industrial  standing  of  a  city,  Buffalo  is  especially  favored.  Within  easy  reach  of  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia on  the  east  for  foreign  shipping,  and  in  close  connection  on  the  west  with  the  great  consuming  centers 
of  this  country,  its  commercial  facilities  are  superb.  Twenty-eight  railroads,  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  great 
lake  boat  lines  give  Buffalo  unsurpassed  transportation  advantages.  Again,  the  city  enjoys  a  bounteous  power 
supply,  for  Buffalo  is  a  great  distributing  center  of  coal,  while  the  Falls  of  the  Niagara,  twenty  miles  distant, 
stand  perpetually  alone  in  the  world  for  vastness  of  water  power.  Falls  power,  extensively  used  in  Buffalo, 
is  connected  with  the  shops  of  this  company  for  use  as  desired. 

LOCATION  OF  PLANT. — The  works  of  the  Buffalo  Forge  Company  are  situated  less  than  a  mile  from  the 
center  of  the  city  and  occupy  the  entire  block  bounded  by  Broadway,  Mortimer,  Tousey  and  Champlain  Streets. 
The  Broadway  and  the  Sycamore  electric  railway  lines,  of  which  the  former  is  the  more  direct,  afford  ready 
access  to  the  works  from  depots  and  hotels. 

THE  BUILDINGS. — The  first  floor  of  the  five-story  southeast  building  is  occupied  by  the  offices  of  the  com- 
pany; on  the  second  are  the  draughting  rooms  and  pattern  shop,  while  the  three  upper  floors  are  devoted  to  the 
construction  of  Buffalo  Disc  Wheels,  "B"  Volume  Blowers  and  Exhausters.  Adjacent  to  this  building  is  located 
the  new  power  house.  The  Buffalo  Mechanical  Induced  Draft  System  is  arranged  in  conjunction  with  the  boiler 
plant  to  supply  the  requisite  draft,  which  is  automatically  regulated  for  a  constant  steam  pressure  sufficiently 
high  for  the  most  rigid  tests.  Buffalo  Direct-connected  Tandem  Compound  Engines  furnish  current  for  the 
shop  motors.  The  center  front  building  is  the  sheet  iron  department.  In  the  northeast  building  is  the  fan 
system  heater  department,  where  immense  quantities  of  pipe  are  used  annually.  Here  also  is  situated  the  forge 
shop,  equipped  with  the  Buffalo  Down-draft  Forge  System,  hence  smoke  does  not  pervade  the  shops. 

On  the  top  floor  of  the  new  six-story  building,  Buffalo  Portable  Forges,  Hand  Blowers  and  other  black- 
smith tools  are  built,  and  on  the  fifth  floor  Buffalo  Down-draft  and  Heating  Forges.  The  fourth  floor  is  devoted 
to  the  construction  of  Buffalo  Steel  Pressure  Blowers.  The  painting,  crating  and  temporary  storage  of  light 
machines  is  done  on  the  third  floor,  where  also  are  located  certain  shop  offices.  The  second  floor  provides  space 
for  the  tool  room  and  finishing  of  engine  parts.  On  the  first  floor,  and  extending  into  the  adjacent  central 
building,  are  the  engine  machine  shops,  furnished  with  special  tools,  and  thoroughly  equipped  for  engine  building. 

In  the  adjacent  central  building  is  located  a  thoroughly  equipped  engine-testing  room.  In  this  building, 
also,  the  large  steel  plate  heating  and  ventilating  fans  are  constructed,  with  facilities  for  thorough  testing.  A  modern 
foundry  occupies  the  northwest  building,  and  adjacent  thereto  are  the  pattern  vaults.  A  one  and  a  half  story 
gallery  type  building  on  an  adjacent  street,  and  not  shown  in  the  cut,  furnishes  a  warehouse  for  storage  purposes. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Mechanical  Draft  vs.  Natural  Draft 


View  of  boiler  plant  equipped  with  natural 
draft,  showing  the  chimney  required 


View  of  boiler  plant  equipped  with  forced  draft, 
showing  the  fan  and  stack  required 


Buffalo    Mechanical    Draft    Apparatus 
Mechanical  Draft  vs.  Natural  Draft 

The  initial  cost  of  mechanical  draft  apparatus,  breeching,  fan,  engine  and  stack,  is  far  less  than  the 
first  cost  of  a  chimney.  The  expense  of  operating  a  mechanical  draft  plant  is  below  the  interest  on  a 
smoke  stack  outlay.  With  natural  draft,  over  one-fourth  the  total  calorific  power  of  fuel  is  wasted  in 
forming  a  draft  while  the  steam  used  to  produce  draft  by  mechanical  means  never  exceeds  two  per  cent, 
of  the  steaming  capacity  and  is  often  as  low  as  one-half  of  one  per  cent.  With  natural  draft  the  temper- 
ature of  the  flue  gases  should  not  be  reduced  below  six  hundred  degrees ;  and  it  must  be  remembered  that 
although  the  draft  intensity  and  volume  of  air  moved  increases  with  the  temperature  of  the  gases,  the  density 
decreases  at  the  same  time,  so  that  between  600°  and  700°  F.  a  temperature  is  reached  at  which  the  weight 
of  air  handled  is  a  maximum.  Hence,  a  chimney  fixes  once  for  all  the  maximum  power  of  the  boiler  plant. 

With  mechanical  draft  the  temperature  of  the  flue  gases  need  not  be  above  the  temperature  of  the 
outside  air,  so  far  as  the  intensity  of  draft  is  concerned.  This  insures  the  maximum  efficiency  of  fuel 
economizers,  which  utilize  the  waste  heat  of  gases  when  installed  in  mechanical  draft  plants.  The  draft 
may  be  so  regulated,  with  mechanical  draft,  that  all  the  carbon  of  the  fuel  will  be  burnt  to  carbonic  acid 
gas,  giving  out  14,500  units  of  heat  for  each  pound  of  carbon  burnt,  but  with  natural  draft  a  portion  of 
the  carbon  will  be  burnt  to  carbon  monoxide  and  only  give  4,400  units  of  heat  for  each  pound  of  carbon, 
or  10,100  units  of  heat  more  are  given  out  in  the  mechanical  draft  plant.  The  bulk  of  the  products  of 
combustion  is  greatly  reduced  in  volume  and  increased  in  temperature  when  mechanical  draft  is  used,  and 
therefore  the  boilers  are  more  efficient  than  when  natural  draft  is  employed,  for  it  is  self-evident  that  the 
same  area  of  heating  surface  will  be  more  efficient  in  abstracting  heat  units  from  a  small  volume  of  hot 
gases  than  from  a  large  volume  of  much  cooler  gases.  The  temperature  of  combustion  in  a  furnace  when 
mechanical  draft  is  employed  is  about  i  ,000°  F.  above  the  temperature  of  combustion  when  natural  draft 
is  used.  Mechanical  draft  insures  the  highest  possible  efficiency  of  combustion,  the  steaming  capacity  of 
boilers  is  increased  to  a  maximum,  and  a  sudden  demand  for  steam  is  promptly  met,  but  with  natural  draft 
these  results  cannot  be  obtained. 

Mechanical  draft  is  widely  employed  in  the  anthracite  culm  districts  and  is  an  indispensable  adjunct 
of  mechanical  stokers.  It  is  an  essential  for  the  proper  combustion  of  sawdust,  bagasse,  spent  tan  bark  and 
like  fuels,  being  easily  applied  to  old  boilers  at  a  minimum  initial  expense.  Mechanical  draft  plants  are 
easily  installed,  are  flexible,  positive  and  instantaneous  and  provide  a  constant  boiler  pressure  by  auto- 
matically controlling  the  speed  of  the  fan.  It  also  makes  feasible  a  material  increase  of  capacity  without 
enlarging  the  boiler  plant,  burns  lower  grades  of  coal,  prevents  smoke  and  saves  fuel.  In  a  word,  mechan- 
ical draft  is  the  essential  factor  of  advanced  boiler  practice. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

First  Induced  Draft  Plant  in  Japan 


Copyright  igo]  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo.   N.  V. 

Osaka  Water  Works,  Osaka,  Japan.      Note  size  of  brick  stack  superseded  by  Mechanical  Draft 


Buffalo   Mechanical-  Draft   Apparatus 

Application  of  Full  Housing  Steam  Fan  for  Induced  Draft 


Copyright  IQO?  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Induced  Draft  Plant  at  the  Osaka  Water  Works,  Osaka,  Japan 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Boilers  Equipped  with  Duplex  Three-quarter  Housing  Fans 


Copyright   190?   in  U.  S.  and  United   Kingdom  by   Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Induced  Draft  Plant  at  the  Watkins  Salt  Company,  Watkins,  N.   Y. 


Buffalo   Mechanical -Draft   Apparatus 

Conversion  of  Latent  Energy  into  Available  Work 

LATENT  ENERGY  of  the  coal  pile  is  well  understood  by  manufacturers  of  today  and  they  are  close 
observers  of  the  process  which  converts  this  latent  force  into  heat,  or  thermal  energy,  viz.,  combustion;  of  the 
apparatus  by  which  this  heat  energy  is  transferred  to  water,  viz.,  the  boiler;  and  finally,  of  the  mechanism 
where  occurs  the  real  transformation  of  heat  into  available  mechanical  energy  or  work,  viz.,  the  engine. 

THE  MEANS  of  securing  the  highest  efficiency  obtainable  in  this  latter  process  is  well  established  in  theory, 

T, T, 

and  expressed  by  the  Carnot  Cycle  represented  in  the  formula  — '-= — -,  meaning  steam  must  be  adiabatically 

expanded  from  maximum  temperature  and  pressure  to  minimum  temperature  and  pressure.  The  reasons  why 
adiabatic  expansion  and  also  maximum  and  minimum  of  temperature  and  pressure  are  not  secured  are  too 
numerous  and  well  understood  to  receive  cursory  mention.  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  the  efficiency  of  an  engine,  as 
determined  by  the  ratio  of  work  in  foot  pounds  obtained  from  the  engine  to  the  heat  expressed  in  foot  pounds 
delivered  to  the  engine,  does  not  exceed  fourteen  per  cent,  in  the  best  simple  non-condensing  engines. 

HIGHEST  FURNACE  EFFICIENCY  would  be  obtained  when  all  the  heat  of  combustion  was  transferred  to 
the  water  in  the  boiler.  Manifestly,  this  is  impossible  because  the  diffusion  of  heat  takes  place  simultaneously 
by  three  modes,  viz.,  radiation,  convection  and  conduction.  The  loss  of  energy  occasioned  by  each,  while  they 
are  perfectly  distinct  in  their  nature,  is  not  easily  obtained  and  need  not  here  be  calculated.  In  practice,  the 
ratio  of  the  heat  actually  expended  in  evaporating  water  to  the  total  calorific  equivalent  of  the  fuel  burnt  in  the 
grate  does  not  in  the  most  modern  improved  water-tube  boilers  exceed  eighty  per  cent. 

COMBUSTION,  the  step  in  the  transformation  that  will  be  dwelt  upon  more  fully,  is  that  chemical  action 
which  rapidly  unites  oxygen  with  other  elements  forming  various  gaseous  compounds.  This  spontaneous  pro- 
cess sets  free  the  energy  of  fuel  in  the  form  of  heat  and  light.  The  combustible  elements  usually  found  in  fuels 
are  carbon,  hydrogen  and  sulphur.  Various  grades  of  coal  contain  from  seventy  to  ninety-four  per  cent,  of  car- 
bon (C),  from  one  to  ten  per  cent,  of  hydrogen  (H),  from  four-tenths  of  one  per  cent,  to  two  per  cent,  of  sulphur 
(S),  from  one  to  ten  per  cent,  of  water  (H2O)  and  from  one  and  one-half  per  cent,  to  eighteen  per  cent,  of  ash. 
The  heating  power  of  fuels  depends  upon  the  proportions  of  the  first  two  elements  and  upon  the  manner  in  which 
they  are  supplied  with  oxygen,  as  will  be  shown  later. 

HEAT  PRODUCED  BY  COMBUSTION  of  any  element  or  compound  is  the  quantity  of  heat  brought  into 
existence  during  the  complete  oxidation  or  burning  of  the  element  or  compound  to  form  the  masses  of  the 
products  of  oxidation  which  are  represented  by  their  formulae.  The  heat  of  formation  of  a  compound,  that  is, 
the  product  of  combustion  of  an  elementary  substance,  may  be  obtained  by  burning  a  known  quantity  of  the 
element  in  a  water  or  other  suitable  calorimeter  and  calculating  the  heat  developed. 

15 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Application  of  Three-quarter  Housing  Steam  Fan  tor  Induced   Draft 


Copyright  IQOJ  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Induced   Draft  Plant  at  the  Works  of  the  Buffalo  Forge  Company,   Buffalo,   N.   Y. 


16 


Buffalo   Mechanical-  Draft    Apparatus 

Conversion  of  Latent  Energy   Into  Available   Work — Continued 

When  the  elements  composing  the  compound  do  not  unite  directly,  the  heat  of  formation  may  be  found  by 
obtaining  the  heat  of  combustion  of  each  of  the  elements,  for  the  products  of  combustion  will  be  the  same  as 
those  of  its  constituent  elements  or  of  the  compounds.  The  heat  may  be  less  after  the  combination  of  the 
elements  than  before,  in  which  case,  it  would  be  evident  that  heat  is  absorbed  in  forming  the  compound,  and 
must  be  considered  as  negative  heat,  and  be  taken  from  the  total  heat  of  formation. 

Methane  (CH4),  a  compound  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  gives  a  fair  example  of  the  foregoing  principle,  which 
remains  the  same  in  more  complex  cases.  The  heat  of  perfect  combustion  of  carbon  (C)  to  CO,  equals  96,960 
British  thermal  units,  the  heat  of  combustion  of  hydrogen  (H)  to  2  (H2O)  equals  136,720  units,  and  the  heat 
of  combustion  of  methane  (CH4)  to  CH4O4  equals  211,930  units.  Therefore,  the  heat  of  formation  of  methane 
(CH4)  -  CCX  4-  2  (HX>)— (CH4  O4)  =  96,960  +  136,720  —  211,930  =  21,750. 

Regarding  the  combustion  of  a  pound  of  fuel  as  that  of  a  known  weight  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  the  amount 
of  heat  evolved  during  combustion  may  be  determined  from  the  heats  of  formation.  Carbonic  acid  (CO,)  contains 
twelve  parts  by  weight  of  carbon  to  one  of  oxygen,  and  the  combustion  of  one  pound  of  carbon  gives  14,500  B. 
T.  U.  Water  (H,O)  contains  two  parts  by  weight  of  hydrogen  to  one  of  oxygen,  and  the  combustion  of  one 
pound  of  hydrogen  gives  62,100  heat  units.  The  heats  of  formation  of  these  chemical  compounds,  which  are 
already  formed  must  be  taken  from  the  total  heat  of  combustion  of  the  elements.  In  practice,  water  is  the  only 
such  compound  taken  into  consideration.  All  oxygen  given  by  analysis  it  is  assumed  was  in  the  fuel,  in  com- 
bination with  hydrogen  as  water,  known  as  "water  of  formation",  because  it  is  not  driven  off  when  the  fuel  is 
raised  to  the  boiling  point  of  water.  Therefore,  to  determine  what  is  called  the  calorific  power  of  fuel,  first  sub- 
tract one-eighth  part  by  weight  of  all  the  oxygen  from  the  hydrogen,  and  then  calculate  from  the  given  heats  of 
combustion  those  of  the  carbon  and  remaining  hydrogen,  and  finally  subtract  the  amount  of  heat  required  to 
raise  to  the  state  of  steam  the  whole  of  the  water  of  formation  and  other  water  that  may  be  present. 

Taking  the  average  composition  of  five  samples  of  coal,  as  determined  by  analysis,  to  be  carbon  80.07, 
hydrogen  5.33,  oxygen  8.08,  nitrogen  2.12,  sulphur  .5,  and  ash  3.7  per  cent,  by  weight  and  remembering  that  it 
requires  i.oi  of  hydrogen  to  satisfy  the  8.08  of  oxygen  to  form  9.09  of  water,  we  have  C  =  8o.o7,  H  =4.32  and 
H2O  =  9.09.  The  calorific  power  of  one  pound  of  this  coal=  0.8  x  14,500  +  0.043  x  62,100  —  0.09  x  i,n8.  =  i4,i7o 
B.  T.  U.  The  heat  required  to  raise  one  pound  of  water  from  60°  and  evaporate  it  at  atmospheric  pressure 
equals  1,118.  B.  T.  U.  Therefore,  this  coal  has  a  calorific  power  sufficient  to  raise  14, 170-=- 1,118  — 12.67  pounds 
of  water  from  60°  F.  and  evaporate  same  at  atmospheric  pressure.  The  amount  of  heat  obtained  and  water 
actually  evaporated  will  be  much  less  than  the  above  theoretical  amount  because  of  heavy  losses  which  can- 
not be  avoided  but  are  decreased  by  employing  artificial  draft.  These  losses  will  be  enumerated. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Application    of  a  Single  Electric  Fan  with  Economizer 


Copyright  iqoj  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Induced  Draft  Plant  of  the  United  Traction  Company,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

18 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Conversion  of  Latent  Energy  into  Available  Work— Continued 

TEMPERATURE  OF  THE  PRODUCTS  OF  COMBUSTION  depends  upon  their  weights  and  specific  heat.  The  quan- 
tity of  air  supplied  to  the  fuel  largely  determines  the  weight  of  the  products  of  combustion.  When  one  pound 
of  carbon  burns  to  carbonic  acid  gas,  it  requires  two  and  two-thirds  pounds  of  oxygen  or  twelve  pounds  of 
ordinary  air.  One  pound  of  hydrogen  gas  requires  eight  of  oxygen  or  thirty-six  pounds  of  ordinary  air. 

In  practice,  more  than  the  theoretical  amount  of  air  is  required  to  effect  a  total  combustion  of  the  fuel. 
The  nature  of  the  draft  determines  the  amount  of  extra  air  required.  More  than  twice  the  theoretic  amount  is 
required  when  the  draft  is  produced  by  a  chimney,  viz.,  twenty-four  to  thirty-six  pounds  of  air  per  pound  of 
carbon.  This  excess  of  air  is  required  because  a  chimney  does  not  produce  a  draft  of  sufficient  intensity  to 
penetrate  a  heavy  bed  of  coal.  The  bed  of  coals  must  be  thin  and  the  larger  portion  of  the  air  does  not  aid 
combustion  but  mingles  with  the  products  of  combustion,  reducing  their  temperature.  With  artificial  draft, 
the  amount  of  air  required  for  perfect  combustion  is  one  and  one-fourth  to  one  and  one-half  times  the  amount 
required  in  theory.  This  decrease  in  the  amount  of  air  required  is  made  possible  with  the  artificial  draft 
because  of  the  heavier  bed  of  fire  that  it  is  practicable  to  use  and  the  closer  contact  between  the  air  and 
fuel.  Although  common  coal  is  a  complicated  mixture  of  carbon,  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  no  serious  error  will 
be  committed  by  estimating  the  quantity  of  air  required  for  its  combustion  on  the  supposition  that  it  is  pure 
carbon,  as  this  is  done  only  with  the  view  of  showing  how  the  temperature  of  the  products  of  combustion  vary 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  draft.  With  artificial  draft,  one  pound  of  carbon  requires  17  pounds  of  air,  and 
the  total  weight  of  the  products  of  combustion  will  be  17  +  1=18  pounds.  With  chimney  draft,  a  good  average 
of  the  air  required  for  the  combustion  of  one  pound  of  carbon  would  be  29  pounds.  Then  the  products  of 
combustion  with  natural  draft  is  29+1  =  30  pounds.  In  each  case  the  total  heat  of  combustion  will  be  14,500 
units.  The  specific  heat  of  air  at  constant  pressure  is  0.237.  In  tne  case  of  natural  draft,  the  products  of 

combustion  would  have  a  temperature  equal  to — — —        -  =2,039  degrees.    On  the  other  hand,  with  artificial 

3°  x  .237 

draft   we   would   have   a   temperature   equal   to— —  -  =3,636  degrees,  or  very  nearly  1,600  degrees  higher 

Io    X    . 237 

temperature  than  the  chimney  draft  gave  with  the  same  rate  of  combustion.  That  this  question  of  initial 
temperature  and  weight  of  the  products  of  combustion  assumes  an  important  aspect  in  the  economy  of  the 
boiler  and  furnace  will  be  shown. 

HIGH  RATES  OF  COMBUSTION,  accomplished  by  increased  coal  consumption,  are  not  necessarily  helpful 
to  best  economy.  However,  a  higher  efficiency  must  result  when  the  amount  and  quality  of  coal  remains  the 
same,  and  the  higher  rate  of  combustion  is  accomplished  by  a  decrease  in  the  grate  surface  and  a  corresponding 
increase  of  surface  ratio.  Attention  is  here  called  to  curves  on  page  44. 

19 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Horizontal  Tandem  Fans  -  Casing  and  Economizer  Partly  Removed  to  Show  Damper 


Copyright  IQOJ  in  U.  S.  and  United   Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Induced  Draft  Plant  of  the  United  Electric  Company  of  New  Jersey,   Hoboken,   N.  J. 


Buffalo   Mechanicai  -Draft    Apparatus 

Conversion  of   Latent  Energy  into  Available  Work — Continued 

RADIATION  AND  CONDUCTION  are  often  causes  of  heavy  heat  losses  in  boiler  plants.  However,  when  the 
boiler  is  properly  surrounded  by  non-conducting  material,  such  as  good  brick  side  walls  with  four-inch  air 
spaces  inclosed  and  a  layer  of  brick  or  an  asbestos  covering  over  the  top  of  the  boilers,  it  is  about  10  per 
cent,  and  does  not  vary  enough  to  claim  consideration  here. 

EVAPORATIVE  POWER  OF  COAL,  in  practice,  falls  far  short  of  its  theoretic  value.  The  ways  in  which  the 
calorific  power  of  fuel  is  wasted  are  various.  Anthracite  and  a  very  dry  coal  are  extremely  brittle  when  suddenly 
exposed  to  high  temperatures,  and  when  the  bed  of  fuel  is  thin  the  small  splinters  break  off  and  fall  through 
between  the  bars  of  the  grate.  Again,  if  the  draft  be  poor  and  a  sudden  demand  for  steam  be  made  upon  the 
boiler  plant,  it  becomes  necessary  to  do  considerable  stoking,  an  operation  always  attended  by  loss  from 
partially  consumed  fuel  falling  through  the  grate  and  cooling  of  the  heating  surface  caused  by  opening  the 
furnace  door  and  knocking  of  holes  in  the  thin  fire.  The  greatest  waste  of  fuel,  however,  usually  takes  place 
in  the  gaseous  state.  The  upper  layer  of  fuel  is  heated  through,  in  the  ordinary  coal  fire,  long  before  these 
upper  layers  become  incandescent.  During  this  time  the  coal  is  partially  distilled,  and  much  of  its  most 
valuable  constituents  are  driven  off  in  the  gaseous  state  and  escape  up  the  chimney  unburnt.  When  special 
provision  is  made  to  allow  warm  air  to  mingle  with  these  gases  above  the  grate,  they  may  be  burnt  above  the 
bed  of  the  fuel.  With  artificial  draft  this  is  unnecessary,  as  the  temperature  of  combustion  and  surplus  air, 
after  passing  through  the  heavy  bed  of  fuel,  is  sufficient  to  insure  combustion  of  these  gases. 

Very  great  loss  is  often  caused  by  an  insufficient  supply  of  air  to  the  fuel,  for  if  only  enough  oxygen  be 
present  to  burn  the  carbon  into  carbonic  oxide,  the  units  of  heat  generated  will  be  4,400  per  pound  of  carbon 
instead  of  14,500  units  of  heat  generated  when  carbon  is  burnt  to  carbonic  acid.  A  very  large  quantity  of  car- 
bonic oxide  may  easily  escape  detection,  as  it  is  a  perfectly  colorless  gas.  If  this  gas  be  mingled  with  a^sufficient 
amount  of  air  and  again  ignited  it  will  burn  to  carbonic  acid,  and  give  out  the  missing  10,100  units  of  heat. 

FORMATION  OF  SMOKE,  which  is  pure  unburnt  carbon,  is  a  fruitful  source,  of  waste,  and  is  also  a  very 
common  one.  The  large  black  volumes  of  smoke  seen  issuing  from  stacks  is  made  up  of  unburnt  carbon  mingling 
with  the  products  of  combustion  which  are  colorless.  The  most  fruitful  smoke-producers  are  fuels  which 
contain  large  quantities  of  hydrocarbons.  At  a  high  temperature,  these  hydrocarbons  are  driven  off  in  large 
quantities  which  arc  mixed  with  the  products  of  combustion  above  the  fuel.  These  fine  particles  become  cooled 
when  they  come  in  contact  with  the  air,  and  show  themselves  in  the  form  of  smoke.  The  higher  temperature 
produced  in  the  furnace  by  artificial  draft  insures  the  complete  combustion  of  these  hydrocarbon  gases  when 
they  come  in  contact  with  that  portion  of  the  air,  which  has  been  raised  to  a  high  temperature  by  being  drawn 
through  the  heavy  bed  of  fuel,  and  therefore  prevents  the  smoke  nuisance. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Angular  Discharge   Fans  with  Double  Vertical  Enclosed  Engine 


Copyright  IQOJ  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Induced  Draft  Plant  of  the  W.  J.   Lemp   Brewing  Company,   St.   Louis,  Mo. 


Buffalo   Mechanicar^ 

Conversion   of  Latent  Energy   into  Available  Work — Continued 

DRAFT  TO  FEED  THE  FURNACE  with  air  often  produces  the  largest  waste  of  fuel.  This  draft  may  be 
produced  cither  by  means  of  a  chimney  or  by  artificial  means.  It  is  found  that  a  temperature  of  600 
degrees  F.  is  best  for  the  ascending  gases  in  the  case  of  the  chimney.  The  temperature  of  the  furnace  is  only 
about  2,300  degrees  above  that  of  the  outside  air,  therefore  about  one-fourth  the  total  energy  of  the  fuel  is  wasted 
in  producing  draft  with  the  chimney.  This  shows  how  wasteful  of  energy  the  chimney  is,  for  in  order  to  produce 
the  necessary  draft,  twice  the  allowance  of  air  must  be  had  and  these  larger  volumes  of  gases  are  carried  off  at 
a  very  high  temperature.  With  the  artificial  draft  it  becomes  unnecessary,  so  far  as  draft  is  concerned,  that  the 
stack  gases  have  a  higher  temperature  than  that  of  the  outside  air,  insuring  highest  efficiency  of  fuel  economizers, 
while  the  necessary  air  supply  is  less  by  one-half  than  when  a  chimney  is  used. 

BOILERS  CANNOT  ABSORB  ALL  HEAT  of  the  products  of  combustion  because  of  the  nature  of  the  conduction 
of  heat  through  the  boiler  plate,  which  separates  the  fire  and  gas  from  the  water.  The  rate  of  conduction 
depends  upon  three  conditions:  first,  upon  the  difference  in  temperature  between  the  sides  of  the  plate,  the 
rate  of  conduction  being  more  rapid  as  the  differences  in  the  temperatures  of  the  two  sides  increases;  second, 
upon  the  thickness  of  the  plate;  and  third,  upon  the  conductivity  of  the  metal  which  forms  the  plate. 

It  is  evident  that  when  there  is  no  difference  in  temperature  between  the  sides  of  the  plate,  there  can 
be  no  transfer  of  heat  through  the  plate.  Thus,  the  water  in  a  boiler  has  a  temperature  of  337.5  degrees 
when  the  gauge  pressure  is  100  pounds;  therefore  the  hot  gases  coming  from  the  fire  can  only  be  reduced 
to  that  temperature  by  the  boiler,  and  must  escape  to  the  stack  at  said  temperature.  However,  it  is 
impossible  to  retain  these  gases  long  enough  in  contact  with  the  boiler  to  allow  their  temperature  to  become 
the  same  as  that  of  the  water  in  the  boiler,  and  for  this  reason  more  heat  is  wasted  than  has  been  stated 
above.  To  a  limited  extent,  this  heat  may  be  saved  by  the  introduction  of  feed-water  heaters  at  that  point 
of  the  boiler  where  the  gases  are  coldest.  This  arrangement  is  always  employed  in  modern  manufacturing 
and  power  plants  and  often  reduces  the  fuel  bill  15  per  cent. 

FROM  THE  FOREGOING,  it  is  clear  how  important  it  is  to  reduce  the  air  supply  to  the  fuel  to  the  minimum 
amount  consistent  with  perfect  combustion  of  the  fuel.  An  excess  of  air  reduces  the  temperature  of  combustion 
within  the  furnace,  thus  diminishing  the  rate  of  conduction  through  the  boiler  plates  and  it  also  increases  the 
bulk  of  the  gases  of  combustion,  making  it  more  difficult  for  the  heating  surface  to  reduce  their  temperature  to 
that  of  the  water  within  the  boiler,  for  it  is  evident  that  a  given  area  of  heating  surface  is  more  efficient  in 
separating  the  heat  from  a  small  volume  of  hot  gases  than  from  a  large  volume  of  cool  gases. 

IT  is  UNDENIABLE  that  artificial  draft  is  far  less  wasteful  of  heat  units  than  natural  draft.  The  accepted 
way  of  producing  this  artificial  draft  is  by  means  of  the  fan,  and  therefore  known  as  Mechanical  Draft. 

23 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Vertical  Tandem  Fans  with  Cylinder  Below  Shaft  Engines 


Copyright   1901   in  U.  S.   and  United   Kingdom  by   Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo,   N.  Y. 

Induced  Draft  at  the  Plainfield  Gas  and  Electric  Company  Plant  at  Plainfield,   N.  J. 

24 


Buffalo   MechanicaF  Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Mechanical  Draft 

APPLICATION  OF  MECHANICAL  DRAFT  assumes  three  general  forms:  First,  Induced  draft  by  the  installation 
of  fans  to  serve  as  a  chimney.  Second,  Forced  draft  by  applying  fans  to  force  air  beneath  boiler  grates.  Third, 
The  combination  of  induced  and  forced  draft,  obtained  by  fans  applied  to  serve  both  purposes  or  by  separate 
fans  for  each.  Many  large  plants  are  now  installed  where  this  combination  is  employed,  the  combined  forced 
and  induced  draft  system  being  brought  about  on  account  of  equipping  the  boilers  with  any  make  of  stokers, 
outside  of  the  chain  type  or  those  having  the  open  ash  pit.  Air,  under  a  pressure  of  one  and  one-fourth  to 
two  ounces,  is  delivered  to  the  stokers  by  a  forced  draft  fan,  the  separate  induced  draft  fan  or  fans  being 
connected,  in  the  ordinary  manner,  with  the  boiler  breeching,  with  or  without  economizer  in  connection,  and 
discharge  the  gases  through  a  steel  stack  into  the  atmosphere.  Under  this  class  may  also  be  included  the 
method  of  burning  powdered  fuel  in  suspension.  The  practicability  of  the  system  has  been  thoroughly 
demonstrated  by  tests  extending  over  a  number  of  months,  but,  while  the  system  has  shown  a  marked  degree 
of  efficiency,  it  has  seldom  been  made  use  of  in  practice.  The  selection  of  the  proper  type  to  render  the 
highest  economy,  primarily  depends  upon  the  fuel  to  be  consumed,  and  the  various  conditions  of  the  steam  plant 
to  be  outfitted.  It  is  readily  seen,  that  no  single  one  of  these  three  applications  of  mechanical  draft  will  give 
the  best  results  in  all  cases,  but  that  every  boiler  plant  must  be  carefully  treated  individually. 

CULM  HANKS. — Officials  in  control  of  those  in  Pennsylvania  and  other  anthracite  coal  sections  are  directing 
attention  to  the  utilization  of  this  accumulation  of  years.  Early  use  of  the  primitive  steam  jet  for  culm  fires  soon 
showed  the  necessity  of  a  fan  to  secure  unvarying  high  efficiency.  Culm  is  no  exception  to  better  grades  of  coal, 
and  demands  sufficient  air  for  maximum  efficiency  of  combustion.  Pioneer  mechanical  draft  plants  for 
burning  culm  were  installed  by  this  house,  and  after  long  continued  use  are,  today,  forcible  examples  of 
the  feasibility  of  deriving  from  this  waste  a  surprisingly  great  efficiency  compared  with  higher  grades  of  coal. 
Complete  test  records  of  steam  plants,  including  not  only  those  replete  with  all  accessories  to  a  modern  outfit, 
but  a  variety  of  those  more  limited  in  equipment,  will  be  cheerfully  supplied  to  intending  purchasers. 

INDUCED  DRAFT  has  become  the  most  common  form  of  mechanical  draft  in  power  plants,  and  is  ordinarily- 
used  in  conjunction  with  fuel  economizers.  The  following  is  an  extract  from  a  paper  read  by  Mr.  Wm.  R. 
Roney,  at  the  Montreal  meeting  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers: 

"IMPORTANCE  OF  GOOD  DRAFT,  natural  or  artificial,  for  supplying  sufficient  oxygen  for  the  economical 
combustion  of  fuel  has  long  been  recognized  by  intelligent  engineers.  The  gain,  both  in  efficiency  and  capacity, 
obtained  by  the  rapid  and  energetic  combustion  of  fuel,  and  the  resulting  high  furnace  temperatures  is  well 
established.  Its  importance  has  been  generally  conceded  only  within  a  few  years.  To  obtain  this  high  fur- 
nace temperature  requires  draft  sufficiently  strong  to  deliver  an  abundant  supply  of  oxygen  to  the  furnace. 

25 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Full-Housing  Duplex  Fans  with  Economizer 


Mechanical  Induced  Draft  at  Columbus  Street  Railway,  Columbus,  Ohio 


26 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Mechanical  Draft — Continued 

"  MECHANICAL  INDUCED  DRAFT  is  by  no  means  a  new  idea,  yet  it  is  only  within  a  few  years  that  the  same 
draft  has  been  much  used  or  installed  on  a  large  scale.  Previously  it  had  been  used,  with  a  few  exceptions,  for 
the  purpose  of  improving  poor  draft  by  helping  out  an  insufficient  or  an  overloaded  chimney.  The  largest  and 
most  successful  applications  of  mechanically  induced  draft  have  been  made  in  connection  with  feed-water  heaters 
designed  to  utilize  the  waste  heat  of  the  flue  gases,  and  known  as  fuel  economizers.  ^This  form  of  feed-water 
heaters  has  been  manufactured  in  England  for  over  fifty  years.  They  have,  however,  been  imported  for  many 
years,  as  their  value  as  a  fuel-saving  device  is  well  established.  Their  successful  operation  is  so  dependent  upon 
good  draft  that  no  well-informed  engineer  would  think  of  installing  an  economizer  without  making  provision  for 
much  better  draft  than  the  boilers  would  require  without  it.  On  account  of  the  reducing  effect  on  the  draft, 
caused  by  lowering  the  temperature  of  the  gases  and  retarding  their  flow  by  the  mechanical  interference  of  the  pipes, 
it  cannot  be  considered  good  engineering  to  attach  an  economizer  to  a  chimney  less  than  200  feet  in  height.  The  best 
working  economizers  in  connection  with  chimneys  are  those  where  the  chimney  is  considerably  over  200  feet  high. 

"Objections  urged  against  tall  chimneys,  as  compared  with  mechanical  draft,  when  used  with  econ- 
omizers, are:  First;  Excessive  cost,  both  on  account  of  the  height  required  and  on  account  of  foundations, 
which  must  of  necessity  be  very  substantial,  and  which  may  involve  expensive  piling  and  filling.  Second; 
The  space  required  for  foundations,  which  may  be  very  valuable,  especially  in  large  cities,  or  may  be  required 
for  other  purposes,  and  which  can  with  difficulty  be  spared.  A  chimney  250  feet  high  will  require  foundations 
not  less  than  30  feet  square,  and  in  some  cases  much  more.  Third ;  A  certain  minimum  temperature  of  flue  gases 
is  required  to  produce  an  effective  draft  and  to  operate  the  boilers  economically,  and  this  fact  limits  the  amount 
of  economizer  heating  surface  which  can  be  used,  and  consequently,  the  fuel  saving  obtained  by  use  of  the 
economizer.  The  same  fact  operates  unfavorably  at  small  capacities,  which  are  often  unavoidable,  when  the 
chimney  must  be  built  large  enough  for  future  increase  of  the  boiler  plant.  Fourth ;  A  chimney  once  built 
limits  the  maximum  capacity  of  the  boiler  plant,  and  also  is  liable  to  be  affected  by  atmospheric  changes 
which  may  seriously  impair  its  efficiency. 

"These  objections  to  tall  chimneys,  which  are  so  essential  to  the  use  of  economizers,  do  not  hold  with 
mechanical  draft.  The  first  cost  of  a  properly  designed  mechanical  draft  plant  is  very  much  less  than  that  of 
a  suitable  chimney  of  equal  capacity,  usually  averaging  50  to  60  per  cent,  less,  according  to  the  size  of  chimney 
and  character  of  foundations  required.  The  fans  and  short  stack  require  very  little  foundations,  even  less  than 
that  of  an  ordinary  boiler  setting.  The  space  usually  required  for  extensive  chimney  foundations  can  be  utilized 
for  economizers,  and,  by  elevating  the  economizers  and  fans  upon  beams  and  columns,  the  space  underneath  them 
can  be  used  for  pumps,  condensers,  etc.  (see  page  26).  The  space  thus  saved  is  often  of  great  value. 

27 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Duplex  Type  of  Fans  Placed  Above   Boiler  Setting 


Copyright  lyoj  in  U.  S.  and  United   Kingdom  by   Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Induced  Draft  Plant  of  the  Miner-Hillard  Milling  Company,  Miners  Mills,  Pa. 

28 


Buffalo   Mechanical-  Draft    Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Mechanical  Draft — Continued 

"NATURAL  DRAFT  REQUIRES  that  the  gases  in  the  chimney  be  above  a  certain  minimum  temperature  in 
order  to  secure  a  proper  supply  of  oxygen  in  the  furnace  and  good  combustion  of  the  fuel,  whereas  with  mechanical 
induced  draft,  the  amount  of  draft  obtainable  is  entirely  independent  of  the  temperature  of  the  flue  gases,  and 
when  used  in  combination  with  a  properly  proportioned  economizer,  it  is  possible  to  lower  their  temperature  to  a 
point  where  the  draft  of  even  a  very  tall  chimney  would  be  practically  destroyed.  Mechanical  draft  possesses 
great  advantages  over  natural  draft  in  its  flexibility  and  adaptability  to  both  large  and  small  capacities,  and 
in  its  ability  to  meet  sudden  and  excessive  demands  for  steam,  either  by  an  extra  turn  of  the  throttle  valve,  or 
by  an  automatic  regulator  controlling  the  steam  supply  to  the  fan  engine  according  to  the  boiler  pressure.  It  is 
unaffected  by  atmospheric  changes,  furnishing  the  desired  amount  of  draft  irrespective  of  conditions  of  wind  or 
weather.  Operating  independently  of  the  amount  of  heat  in  the  stack,  it  is  possible  to  obtain  a  higher  tempera- 
ture of  feed  water  in  the  economizer,  and  a  lower  temperature  of  escaping  gases  than  could  possibly  be  obtained 
with  a  chimney,  and,  at  the  same  time,  provide  sufficient  draft  to  maintain  rapid  and  economical  combustion  of 
the  fuel.  A  mechanical  draft  plant  properly  designed,  with  duplicate  fans  and  engines  of  suitable  construction, 
so  arranged  that  one  is  always  in  relay,  can  be  made  so  reliable  that  the  boilers  cannot  be  shut  down  by  an 
ordinary  accident.  With  the  fans  properly  designed  and  proportioned  to  the  work,  the  power  required  to 
operate  them  is  so  small  as  to  practically  have  no  effect  on  the  economy  obtained. 

"A  COMPLETE  BOILER  HOUSE  (illustrated  on  page  30),  showing  boilers,  stokers,  circulating  economizer, 
mechanical  draft,  feed  pumps,  and  condenser,  will  be  of  interest.  In  this  illustration,  the  economizer  is  elevated 
upon  columns  and  beams  to  provide  for  utilizing  the  space  under  the  economizer  for  feed  pumps,  condenser,  etc. 
The  exhaust  fans,  of  which  there  are  two  placed  side  by  side,,  are  equipped  with  double  direct-connected  engines, 
only  one  engine  showing  in  the  illustration,  the  other  being  on  the  farther  side.  These  fans  and  engines  are  of 
special  design,  with  protected  bearings,  self-oiling  and  water-jacketed,  to  withstand  the  heat  when  the  economizer 
is  cut  for  cleaning,  and  the  hot  gases  pass  directly  to  the  fans.  They  are  so  proportioned  to  their  work  as  to 
handle  a  maximum  amount  of  gases  with  a  minimum  expenditure  of  power.  The  arrangement  of  the  econo- 
mizer pipes  and  blow-off  connections  is  worth  noticing,  in  that  it  provides  a  means  of  blowing  out  the 
sediment  which  may  accumulate  in  the  pipes,  and  at  the  same  time  a  complete  circulation  is  maintained  in  the 
economizer. 

"THE  FOLLOWING  DATA  will  be  of  considerable  interest,  as  showing  in  tabulated  form  the  results 
obtained  by  economizers  and  mechanical  draft  in  a  number  of  plants  in  regular  service.  In  each  case  the  feed- 
water  was  partially  heated  by  exhaust  steam  heaters,  or  in  hot  wells  by  condensed  steam  from  various 
sources. " 

29 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Duplex  Type  of  Fans  with  Cross  Compound  Engines 


Copyright  looj  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Modern  Boiler  House  with  Induced  Draft  and  Economizer 

3° 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Mechanical  Draft  — Continued 

TESTS   OF   ECONOMIZER  AND    MECHANICAL   DRAFT  PLANTS,    SHOWING  INITIAL  AND   FINAL 
TEMPERATURES  OF  FLUE  GASES  AND  FEED  WATER  IN   DEGREES  FAHRENHEIT. 


Testa, 

Gases    Entering 
Economizer. 

Gases  Leaving 
Economizer. 

Water  Entering 
Economizer. 

Water  Leaving 
Economizer. 

Gain  in  Tempera- 
ture of  Water. 

Fuel  Saving, 
Per  Cent. 

1 

610 

340 

110 

287 

167 

16.7 

2                              50.5 

212 

84 

276 

192 

19.2 

3 

550 

205 

185 

305 

120 

12.0 

1 

522 

320 

155 

300 

145 

14  5 

5 

505 

320 

190 

300 

110 

11.0 

6 

465 

250 

180 

295 

115 

11.5 

7 

490 

290 

175 

280 

105 

10.5 

R 

495 

190 

155 

320 

165 

16.5 

'.) 

541 

255 

130 

311 

181 

18.1 

Many  extensive  mechanical  draft  and  fuel  economizer  plants  are  now  in  operation,  or  in  process  of 
construction  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  Data  from  the  later  outfits  show  a  continued  increase  in  economy 
over  earlier  plants.  Briefly  let  us  enumerate  the  chief  points  attendant  upon  the  use  of  mechanical  and 
natural  draft. 

CHIMNEY  DRAFT. — First,  Enormous  waste  of  heat  from  unutilized  escaping  flue  gases.  Second,  Excessive 
first  cost  compared  with  that  of  properly  designed  fans.  Third,  Variable  efficiency,  contingent  with  atmospheric 
conditions.  Fourth,  Inability  to  provide  for  increased  capacity.  Fifth,  Difficulty  of  regulating  draft  for  varying 
requirements.  Sixth,  Inefficient  use  of  low  grades  of  coal.  Seventh,  Attendant  smoke  nuisance  using  bituminous 
coal.  Practically  the  only  good  point  the  chimney  possesses  is  its  comparative  freedom  from  cost  of  maintenance 
— a  minor  item,  not  always  absent. 

MECHANICAL  DRAFT. — First,  Highest  utilization  of  heat  from  flue  gases,  made  possible  by  the  improved 
forms  of  economizers.  Second,  Low  first  cost  compared  with  a  chimney  of  usual  dimensions  for  a  given  battery 
of  boilers.  Third,  Positive  efficiency  wholly  unaffected  by  atmospheric  conditions  at  all  times.  Fourth,  Ample 
provision  for  large  future  capacity.  Fifth,  Perfect  regulation  of  draft  for  sudden  increased  or  decreased  require- 
ments. Sixth,  Complete  combustion  of  low  grades  of  coal  attended  with  great  reduction  in  fuel  bills.  Seventh, 
Practical  elimination  of  the  smoke  nuisance,  using  a  certain  mixture  of  hard  and  soft  coals.  Eighth,  Increased 
steam  power  of  boilers,  thereby  guarding  against  impaired  capacity  during  temporary  repairs  to  a  portion  of 
the  boiler  plant.  Ninth,  The  small  cost  of  maintenance,  an  item  which  is  far  less  than  the  interest  on  the 
increased  first  cost  of  a  chimney  for  natural  draft. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Horizontal  Tandem  Arrangement  lor  Induced  Draft 


Copyright  looj  in  V.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y". 

Full-Housing  Fans  of  the  Three-quarter  Type  Showing  Inlets  and  Sliding  Damper 

32 


Buffalo   Mechanical -Draft    Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Mechanical  Draft — Continued 

A  CAREFUL  RESUME  of  the  authentic  data  published  separately  will  at  once  clearly  verify  the  above  points, 
and  we  invite  careful  investigation  of  the  Buffalo  mechanical  draft  plants  from  engineers  or  corporations  con- 
templating increasing  or  improving  existing  boiler  plants,  or  the  erection  of  new  ones.  The  foremost  consideration 
is  economy,  and  this,  with  other  features  combined,  producing  the  highest  available  efficiency  and  superiority, 
is  invariably  found  in  the  outfits  placed  by  this  house.  Original  application  details,  derived  from  careful  tests 
of  extended  experience,  coupled  with  the  cooperation  of  manufacturers  of  the  most  advanced  forms  of  economizers, 
have  resulted  in  obtaining  results  of  the  highest  order.  Attention  is  called  to  the  fallacy  of  allowing  first  cost 
to  be  the  deciding  feature  in  placing  contracts  for  this  work.  Too  many  examples  today  show  the  error  of  such 
purchases,  where  fans  of  inadequate  size  have  been  installed  at  reduced  initial  cost,  attended  with  frequent 
expense  for  repairs,  and,  what  is  worse,  the  annoyance  of  impaired  capacity  during  such  periods.  The  provision 
for  future  needs  has  also  thereby  been  eliminated.  That  the  character  of  Buffalo  fans  and  engines,  and  the 
facilities  for  producing  and  installing  them  for  mechanical  draft  are  premier,  is  clearly  shown  by  the  large 
number  in  use  and  the  unquestionably  superior  results  obtained  therefrom. 

BUFFALO  STEEL  PLATE  FANS  for  mechanical  draft  are  special  throughout  in  construction.  Duplicate 
fans  are  usually  employed  and  so  placed  that  the  flue  gases  may  readily  pass  through  either  separately  or  both 
at  the  same  time,  this  feature  being  secured  by  means  of  suitable  dampers.  Reference  to  the  engravings  will 
show  several  forms  of  dampers  adapted  to  the  various  arrangements  of  fans.  The  fans  are  of  steel  plate,  heavily 
braced  with  angle  and  "T"  irons,  the  entire  construction  being  such  that  the  direct  heat  of  the  flue  gases  passing 
through  the  fans  when  the  economizer  is  disabled  or  at  other  times  will  cause  no  distortion  by  reason  of  expan- 
sion. The  fan  wheels  are  invariably  overhung,  unless  otherwise  ordered,  with  the  bearings  next  to  the  fan 
provided  with  special  water-cooling  boxes  suitable  for  a  flow  of  water  at  city  pressure,  without  leakage.  The 
various  types  of  single  and  double  engines  described  in  our  engine  catalogue  are  employed.  An  extra  pulley  is 
often  provided  for  the  driving  of  scraper  gear  in  connection  with  economizers  or  for  other  purposes. 

In  addition  to  the  various  designs  of  single  and  double  engines  herein  described,  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Steam 
Fans  for  Mechanical  Draft  are  also  furnished  v/ith  double  upright  enclosed  engines,  cylinders  above  the  shaft. 
The  varying  speed  required  of  these  engines  may  be  obtained  automatically.  Photographs  and  drawings 
of  such  construction  will  be  supplied  to  prospective  customers  when  desired,  and  for  such  cases  as  the 
use  of  this  form  is  especially  adapted.  In  passing,  it  may  be  meritioned  that  this  engine  is  precisely  the 
same  as  has  been  furnished  by  this  house  for  the  United  States  Government  torpedo  boats  and  battle  ships. 
Continuous  running  without  cessation  is  one  of  the  first  requirements  of  such  service,  and  is  a  factor  which 
commends  this  style  of  engine  for  use  in  plants  where  duplicate  fans  are  not  installed. 

33 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Full-Housing  Steam  Fan  Employed  for  Forced  Draft 


Copyright  IQOJ  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  V. 

Forced  Draft  Plant  at  Goulds  Manufacturing  Company,  Seneca  Falls,   N.  Y. 

34 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Forced  Draft 

FORCED  DRAFT  has  been  used  for  years,  the  original  installations  being  principally  for  burning  refuse 
materials,  and  for  assisting  boiler  draft  of  natural  low  efficiency.  The  advancement  to  popular  favor  has  been 
of  healthy  but  gradual  growth.  In  the  early  stage,  it  was  commonly  supposed  that  what  would  now  be  called 
in  mechanical  draft  a  high  air  pressure  was  absolutely  essential  to  best  results.  As  this  type  of  mechanical  draft 
has  developed,  it  is  noticeable  that  in  succeeding  representative  plants  the  velocity  of  air  has  gradually 
decreased,  until  now  it  is  generally  recognized  that  forced  draft  outfits  show  the  best  results  where  a  sufficient  air 
volume  is  used  at  the  lowest  pressure  which  secures  complete  combustion.  Practice  has  established  the  fact 
that  this  is  more  economical  than  using  the  same  quantity  of  air  at  double  the  velocity,  because  of  less  liability 
to  blow  holes,  less  unconsumed  particles  carried  up  the  stack  and  less  horse  power  consumed  by  the  fan. 

As  is  at  once  understood,  the  term  "forced  draft"  used  in  connection  with  a  steam  plant  refers  to  the  forc- 
ing of  the  air  under  the  grates.  The  favorite  point  of  introduction  into  most  boilers  is  through  the  bridge  wall 
at  the  rear  end  of  the  grates.  Where  this  arrangement  is  not  feasible,  however,  quite  as.  efficient  results  are 
obtained  through  side  walls,  or  further  in  front,  using  properly  arranged  dampers  with  convenient  accessories  for 
manipulation.  The  first  blowers  supplied  for  forced  draft  and  those  now  most  widely  used  in  small  plants,  also 
where  refuse  material  such  as  bagasse,  etc.,  is  consumed,  were  the  Buffalo  "B"  Volume  Type,  described  further 
on,  having  cast-iron  shells,  designed  for  the  heaviest  service  and  capable  of  delivering  air  at  high  pressures.  A 
number  of  special  patented  grates  designed  for  forced  draft,  which  are  largely  of  the  hollow-blast  type  and  require 
a  blower  in  connection,  have  been  introduced  with  considerable  success.  For  all  advanced  forms  of  these  the 
Buffalo  Steel  Pressure  or  "  B  "  Volume  Blowers  are  peculiarly  fitted,  and  are  therefore  employed  by  manufacturers 
and  users  of  such  devices.  The  more  complete  steam  plants  of  today  are  equipped  with  mechanical  stokers. 
In  connection  with  stokers  of  the  underfeed  type,  which  require  high  air  pressure,  the  Buffalo  "  B  "  Blowers 
have  been  generally  adopted  by  those  seeking  durability  and  results  of  highest  order.  For  forced  draft  outfits  of 
more  important  size,  also  where  coal  is  burned,  either  of  high  or  low  grades,  the  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fans  are 
generally  used,  and  for  this  work  are  rigidly  stayed  and  stiffened.  In  some  cases  they  are  built  narrower  than 
the  standard  type,  with  a  wheel  of  relatively  large  diameter,  to  give  high  peripheral  velocity  at  moderate  speed. 

DIRECT  ADVANTAGES  exist  in  favor  of  forced  draft  where  certain  conditions  exist.  The  chimney  of  a 
given  steam  plant  may  be  capable  of  handling  the  boilers  excepting  under  adverse  conditions  of  weather,  when 
a  blower  properly  applied  needs  only  to  be  started  and  run  during  such  periods.  While  the  capacity  of  a  chimney, 
either  with  forced  or  natural  draft,  is  limited,  the  natural  efficiency  may  be  materially  increased,  so  that  if  more 
boilers  have  been  added  than  the  chimney  will  properly  handle  without  some  assistance,  this  may  be  afforded 
by  the  proper  application  of  a  blower  to  force  air  into  the  ash-pit. 

35 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steam  Fan  Applied  for  Forced  Draft 


Copyright  tool  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Application  to  Scotch  Marine  Boilers  at  Waterloo  Woolen  Mills,  Waterloo,  N.  Y. 


36 


Buffalo   Mechanical^  Draft    Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Forced  Draft — Continued 

FORCED  DRAFT  is  especially  valuable  in  the  burning  of  screenings  or  low  grades  of  fuel.  It  is  here  that  direct 
application  of  draft  to  the  boiler  grates  affords  immediate  and  positive  results.  Throughout  the  anthracite 
coal  sections,  and  at  shipping  points  where  there  is  a  large  accumulation  of  culm  or  screenings,  many  Buffalo 
Forced  Draft  plants  in  operation  for  years  are  today  forcible  examples  of  economy  and  efficiency.  The  pioneer 
outfits  were  installed  by  this  house,  also  all  valuable  and  approved  devices  relating  to  application  and 
regulation  features  since  perfected  were  likewise  originated.  The  smoke  nuisance  in  cities  where  a  portion 
of  hard  and  soft  coal  is  available,  be  it  in  the  form  of  screenings  or  higher  grades,  is  at  once  solved  by 
the  Buffalo  Forced  Draft  System.  The  proportion  which  secures  the  best  and  hottest  fire  is  75  per  cent,  of 
anthracite  and  25  per  cent,  of  soft  coal.  With  this  mixture,  smoke  is  practically  eliminated  and  steam  plants 
thus  operated  come  entirely  within  the  limit  of  city  ordinances.  The  proportion  of  this  mixture  has  little  to 
do  with  the  efficiency  of  a  forced  draft  apparatus,  and,  intelligently  installed,  excellent  service  will  be  obtained 
burning  entirely  anthracite  or  soft  coal,  or  a  mixture  of  different  proportions. 

OCCASIONALLY  OBJECTIONS  to  forced  draft  are  urged,  on  the  ground  that  with  its  use  there  is  an  outward 
leakage  of  gases  and  blow  holes  through  boiler  fires  at  different  grate  intervals.  Such  results  only  occur  with 
poor  applications  and  installation  details,  or  with  improper  firing.  The  method  of  introduction  of  the  air  to 
the  grates  and  the  appliances  therefor,  figure  conspicuously  in  the  securing  of  maximum  economy  and  efficiency, 
and  attention  is  called  herewith  to  the  illustrations  on  page  64  of  the  various  forms  of  cast-iron 
dampers  patented  by  this  house.  Where  the  air  supply  to  the  fan  is  taken  from  an  air  chamber  built 
around  or  through  the  smoke  breeching — and  herein  is  embodied  an  important  saving — the  temperature  of  the 
air  supply  and  consequently  the  temperature  of  the  furnace  is  raised  while  the  temperature  of  the  gases  in  the 
breeching  is  reduced.  With  natural  draft  this  would  tend  to  reduce  the  velocity  in  the  stack.  It  is  highly 
desirable  that  the  fan  be  driven  by  an  individual  engine,  with  the  valve  controlling  the  steam  supply  thereto 
equipped  with  the  special  arrangement  for  governing  the  speed  of  the  engine,  according  to  the  draft  require- 
ments. In  brief,  the  principle  of  this  consists  of  automatically  supplying  more  steam  to  the  engine  when  the 
boiler  pressure  lowers  and  less  steam  when  the  steam  pressure  increases.  This  has  been  brought  to  so  fine  a 
point  that  practically  a  constant  pressure  is  maintained  on  the  boilers  with  proper  firing. 

BUFFALO  FORCED  DRAFT  PLANTS  have  been  in  successful  operation  for  a  period  of  years  with  no  unusual 
repairs,  and  in  many  cases  have  shown  a  net  saving  of  30  per  cent,  in  fuel  bills  with  a  relative  gain 
in  efficiency  of  10  to  15  per  cent.,  also  practically  abolishing  the  smoke  nuisance.  This  exceptional  record 
arises  from  the  fact  that  before  the  introduction  of  the  forced  draft  system  the  higher  grades  of  coal  were 
burned,  while  afterward  hard  coal,  such  as  buckwheat,  rice,  and  soft  slack  coal  were  consumed. 

37 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Boilers  Equipped  with  Forced  Draft  and  Mechanical  Stokers 


sSK«S>£i, rv^Tr*!'-^ - •*> ££. .- -V'^S.i.^-'* 


Copyright  IQOJ  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Scottish  Co-operative  Wholesale  Society's  Junction  Mills  Work,  Leith 

38 


Buffalo    Mechanical  Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied    for  Forced  Draft — Continued 

MECHANICAL  FORCED  DRAFT  is  now  generally  adopted  for  all  large  and  important  boats,  and  also  for  many 
of  the  smaller  ones.  Induced  draft  is  used  occasionally,  and  is  growing  in  favor;  the  more  common  type  in 
marine  work,  however,  is  forced  draft.  The  closed  stoke-hold  system,  i.  c.,  blowing  the  air  into  an  inclosed 
boiler  room,  is  widely  used.  Air  is  also  introduced  beneath  the  grates  with  a  special  arrangement  of  air-tight 
ash-pit  doors  and  dampers,  so  connected  that  the  draft  is  shut  off  when  the  doors  are  opened  for  firing.  Owing 
to  the  small  space  available  in  marine  work,  direct-attached  engines  are  employed  with  the  fan  construction 
and  all  other  details  arranged  to  occupy  minimum  space,  all  installations  being  special  to  suit  the  peculiar 
conditions  of  each  boat  (see  illustration  of  fans  built  for  U.  S.  Revenue  Cutters  on  page  40).  Mechanical  draft 
plants  are  employed  on  shipboard  to  produce  very  high  rates  of  combustion  and  an  intensity  of  draft  that 
would  require  a  chimney  three  or  more  hundred  feet  in  height. 

It  is  impossible  to  present  herewith  engravings  which  would  illustrate  comprehensively  the  manner  of 
application  of  forced  draft  to  marine  boilers,  but  those  intending  to  equip  boats,  large  or  small,  are  requested 
to  send  for  complete  drawings  of  plants  in  ships  of  similar  size,  which  will  be  cheerfully  furnished.  They  will 
give  very  clear  ideas  as  to  ordinary  arrangements.  Correspondence  should  be  accompanied  with  a  statement 
as  to  the  number  and  size  of  boilers,  steam  pressure  carried,  space  available  for  fans,  and,  if  possible,  a  sketch 
showing  desired  relative  position  with  reference  to  the  grates  of  the  furnaces.  The  heat  of  the  boiler  and 
engine  rooms  of  many  merchant  marines  is  unbearable,  but  may  be  at  once  relieved  by  the  same  fan  which 
is  introduced  for  forced  draft,  by  providing  in  the  application  to  receive  the  source  of  air  supply  from  that 
portion  of  the  boat.  Other  parts  of  the  vessel  requiring  ventilation  may  be  readily  accommodated  where  it 
is  feasible  to  connect  same  to  the  fan  by  means  of  galvanized  iron  conduits.  Forced  draft  was  primarily  used  on 
shipboard  to  the  end  of  securing  increased  speed,  and  without  any  reference  whatever  to  economy,  increased 
steaming  capacity  of  boilers,  ventilation  of  the  fire-rooms,  closets,  or  other  portions  of  the  boat.  These  points 
are  now  considered  and  usually  properly  treated  in  the  installation  of  mechanical  draft  plants  of  modern  boats. 

INDUCED  DRAFT  ON  SHIPBOARD  is  equally  as  efficient  as  forced  draft  in  the  matter  of  speed  and  steaming 
capacity  of  boilers,  but  by  reason  of  the  necessity  of  drawing  air  to  the  boiler  grates  through  the  fire-room,  the 
other  portions  of  the  boat  cannot  be  as  readily  ventilated  with  the  same  fan. 

The  engraving  appearing  on  page  36  clearly  illustrates  the  ordinary  arrangement  of  a  forced  draft  system 
to  a  battery  of  stationary  boilers  of  the  marine  type,  the  fan  shown  being  of  the  three-quarter  housing  type, 
and  communicating  direct  to  the  fires  through  an  underground  duct.  The  illustration  on  page  34  shows  the 
method  of  introducing  air  through  the  bridge-wall  into  closed  ash  pits,  while  the  reproduced  photograph  on  page 
38  illustrates  the  method  of  introducing  air  through  underground  ducts.  Either  method  gives  entire  satisfaction. 

39 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Type  of  Apparatus  Used  on  U.  S.  Revenue  Cutters 


Copyright   igol  in  U.  S.  and  United   Kingdom  by   Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Fan  Employed  to  Obtain  Both  Forced  Draft  and  Ship  Ventilation. 

40 


Buffalo    Mechanical    Draft    Apparatus 

Buffalo  Fans  Applied  for  Forced  Draft — Continued 

CENTRAL  HEATING  AND  LIGHTING  STATIONS  in  the  great  cities  are  generally  situated  where  economy 
of  room  is  of  paramount  importance.  This  creates  the  necessity  of  obtaining  a  maximum  steaming  capacity 
in  a  minimum  space.  Of  so  great  consequence  is  this  point  that  the  cost  of  the  equipment  which  will  show 
the  best  results  is  of  little  moment.  Limitations  of  space  often  necessitate. the  suspension  of  fans  from  ceilings, 
also  special  construction,  but  all  such  requirements  can  usually  be  met  to  a  nicety.  It  is  in  certain  important 
work  of  this  nature  that  the  forced  system  of  mechanical  draft  using  Buffalo  fans  has  been  employed,  obtaining 
a  boiler  capacity  within  a  limited  space  impossible  to  secure  by  natural  draft  under  the  most  favorable 
conditions,  at  the  same  time  close  economy  of  fuel. 

COMBINED  INDUCED  AND  FORCED  DRAFT  applied  to  a  battery  of  boilers  is  somewhat  unusual,  but  the 
Buffalo  Special  Steel  Plate  Fans  have  been  thus  employed  with  excellent  results.  The  combined  system  being 
employed  because  of  equipping  the  boilers  with  stokers,  requiring  a  closed  ash  pit.  Certain  special  boilers  are 
designed  particularly  for  induced  and  forced  draft,  and  to  these  have  applications  been  made,  with  the  result 
of  obtaining  more  than  a  regular  amount  of  steaming  capacity  within  a  given  space.  Ordinary  boilers  have 
also  been  thus  outfitted  with  considerably  increased  capacity. 

The  combination  may  be  installed  in  two  ways,  as  follows:  First,  With  two  separate  fans,  one  an 
induction  and  the  other  an  eduction  fan.  Second,  With  a  single  fan  of  special  construction,  having  a  web  or 
divided  wheel  and  two  inlets,  one  to  receive  the  intake  of  gases  from  the  boiler  stack,  and  the  other  to  receive 
fresh  air,  the  amount  handled  being  regulated  by  an  oscillating  damper.  The  former  arrangement  is  necessi- 
tated for  the  special  boiler  construction  alluded  to,  and  is  also  applicable  to  large  steam  plants  with  ordinary 
water  tube  or  tubular  boilers  with  or  without  equipments  of  economizers  and  burning  fuel  of  low  grades.  The 
fan  for  forcing  air  under  the  grates  is  usually  somewhat  the  smaller  of  the  two. 

The  more  simple  plants  of  combined  induced  and  forced  draft  employ  the  one  fan  arrangement,  which 
is  built  with  two  inlets  and  takes  in  unheated  air  on  one  side.  Connection,  by  means  of  a  suitable  pipe,  is  made 
with  the  chimney  flue  or  smoke  breeching  of  the  boiler  to  the  other  side  of  the  fan,  thereby  taking  in  the  larger 
part  of  the  flue  gases.  These  are  mixed  with  the  fresh  air  taken  in  from  the  other  side  of  the  fan  as  it  leaves 
the  outlet  and  is  being  delivered  to  the  ash-pit  of  the  furnaces.  From  thence  the  air  is  forced  through  the 
grates  to  the  fuel  bed.  Dampers  are  used  on  each  side  to  regulate  the  proportion  of  air  and  flue  gases  admitted 
to  the  fan.  Recently  published  tests  of  such  apparatus  using  Buffalo  Special  Steel  Plate  Fans,  show  an  average 
temperature  of  the  air  discharged  under  the  grates  of  235  degrees,  and  naturally  a  great  gain  in  efficiency  over 
the  same  boilers  without  the  device.  When  using  the  fan,  but  not  heating  the  air  supply,  the  increase  also 
demonstrated  the  value  of  the  outfit.  In  both  cases  the  smoke  reduction  was  very  marked. 

41 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Temperature  Curves — Plate  I 


1600 


3400 


1400 


3200 


TIO /FLUE GASES FORJARTOU  :.. 
RATES  OF  COM!  USTION.— 


400 


25  30  35  40 

RATE  OF  COMBUSTION  OR  IBS.  OF  COAL  PER  SQ.  FT.  OF  ORATE  PER  HR. 

Copyright  IQOJ  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

42 


2200 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Economy  Effected  in  Power  Plants 

HIGHEST  ECONOMY  from  boilers,  engines,  and  dynamos,  as  is  well  understood  by  engineers,  can  be 
obtained  only  when  they  are  run  under  a  steady  load  at  their  rated  capacity.  In  instances  such  as  the  per- 
formance of  ocean  steamers  and  pumping  stations  when  the  above  conditions  exist,  the  theoretical  efficiencies 
are  often  closely  approached.  On  the  other  hand,  in  plants  having  very  irregular  duty  as  many  manufac- 
tories and  electric  light  and  electric  railway  plants,  it  is  [common  to  find  the  amount  of  coal  required  per 
horse-power  hour  instead  of  being  from  two  or  three  pounds  as  in  the  above  cases,  to  reach,  even  with  com- 
pound engines  and  condensers,  from  five  to  as  high  as  seven  pounds. 

CAUSE  OF  Low  EFFICIENCIES. — Looking  for  the  cause  of  these  low  efficiencies,  we  find  that  the  entire 
plant  equipment  is  of  necessity  designed  to  meet  the  higher  requirements  of  power  at  the  peak  loads.  The 
efficiencies  of  the  engines,  dynamos  and  boilers  at  the  average  and  low  loads  are  then  much  under  the  normal 
efficiencies  at  their  rated  capacities.  Not  only  is  the  cost  of  coal  great,  but  the  interest  on  the  cost  of  the 
plant  and  cost  of  maintenance,  relative  to  the  output  of  power,  are  correspondingly  large.  The  increase  in 
cost  of  operation  at  low  average  loads,  in  the  case  of  boilers,  is  well  shown  by  the  curves,  Plates  III  and  IV, 
which  are  explained  further  on.  It  is  in  such  cases  that  the  economic  advantage  of  a  highly  flexible  means 
of  regulating  the  boiler  draft  is  most  strikingly  shown.  It  has  been  found  that  by  increasing  the  intensity 
of  combustion,  the  boiler  performance  may  be  greatly  increased  without  materially  lowering  the  efficiency. 
This,  as  has  been  stated,  is  due  to  the  more  perfect  utilization  of  the  air  supply,  and  a  consequent  increased 
initial  temperature,  a  smaller  relative  quantity  of  gas,  and  therefore  a  more  efficient  transfer  of  heat  and  a 
much  smaller  loss  of  heat  units  in  the  flue  gas  relative  to  its  temperature. 

PROBABLE  TEMPERATURES  that  may  be  obtained  and  the  resultant  thermal  efficiencies  are  shown  by  the 
curves  in  Plates  I  and  II,  for  various  surface  ratios  and  rates  of  combustion.  The  horizontal  spaces,  Plate  I, 
represent  the  rate  of  combustion  in  pounds  of  coal  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface,  while  the  tempera- 
tures are  represented  by  the  vertical  spaces.  The  curve  marked  "Initial  Temperature"  shows  the  maximum 
temperature  of  the  products  of  combustion  corresponding  approximately  in  practice  to  a  given  rate  of  combus- 
tion. The  curves  marked  "Probable  Final  Temperature"  shows  the  approximate  final  temperature  of  flue  gases 
which  should  be  obtained  when  the  boiler  is  in  good  condition.  These  curves  are  given  for  the  usual  surface 
ratios  (?'.  e.,  ratio  of  heating  surface  to  grate  surface)  between  30  and  60.  Both  initial  and  final  temperatures 
are  dependent  directly  upon  the  relative  air  supply  per  pound  of  coal,  which  in  turn  is  dependent  upon  the  rate 
of  combustion.  Higher  rates  of  combustion,  with  proper  firing,  decrease  the  relative  air  supply  proportionally. 

In  Plate  II  the  curves  of  thermal  efficiencies  are  shown  for  the  corresponding  surface  ratios  and  rates  of 
combustion.  The  thermal  efficiencies  are  represented  by  the  vertical  spaces  and  the  rates  of  combustion  by 

43 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Thermal  Efficiency  Curves — Plate   II 


82 


AL  EFFICIENCY   CURVES. 


BROKEN  L  NESARE  FOR  EOl'AIJPERFORMA 
HE 


POR  HHOIVEN  HEATING  SURFACE  OBTAINED  BY 


VARYING  THE  URATL,  SURFACE  kNDKATE  OF 
COMBUST  ON 


BUFFAL  5  FORGE  COMPANY 
ENGINEERING  [DEPARTMENT 


70 


16 


26  30  35  40 

RATE  OF  COMBUSTION  OR  LBS.OF  COAL  PER  SQ.  FT.  OF  GRATE  PER  HR. 

Copyright  1903  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

44 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft    Apparatus 

Economy  Effected  in   Power  Plants — Continued 

the  horizontal  spaces  as  in  the  preceding  case.  The  curves  in  broken  lines  marked  ".073  H.  P.  x  S.,"  ".101  H. 
P.  x  S.,"  etc.,  are  for  equal  performances  obtained  by  varying  the  surface  ratio  and  the  rate  of  combustion,  and 
indicate  that  for  a  given  condition,  .073  B.  H.  P.  or  .101  B.  H.  P.  (etc.,  as  the  case  may  be)  multiplied  by  the 
total  heating  surface  in  square  feet  is  the  actual  horse-power  performance  of  the  boiler  under  the  given  conditions. 
EFFECT  OF  INCREASED  RATE  OF  COMBUSTION. — To  show  the  increase  in  efficiency  that  may  be  obtained 
by  decreasing  the  amount  of  grate  surface  and  increasing  the  rate  of  combustion  correspondingly,  for  example, 
take  a  boiler  having  a  ratio  of  heating  surface  to  grate  surface  of  30,  which  at  a  rate  of  combustion  of  21  pounds 
of  coal  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  will  give  a  performance  of  .146  B.  H.  P.  for  each  square  foot 
of  grate  surface  at  a  thermal  efficiency  of  73.6  per  cent.  Now,  if  the  grate  surface  be  decreased  one-half,  we 
will  have  a  surface  ratio  of  60.  To  obtain  the  same  performance  of  heating  surface,  we  must  maintain  a  rate 
of  combustion  of  35.9  pounds  of  coal  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  grate,  which  should  give  us  under  average  con- 
ditions an  efficiency  of  77.9  per  cent,  or  an  increase  in  efficiency  of  4.3  per  cent.  As  a  more  striking  illustration, 
take  a  boiler  with  a  surface  ratio  of  30,  which  should  give  under  proper  working  conditions  a  thermal  efficiency 
of  76.5  per  cent,  at  a  rate  of  combustion  of  15  pounds  of  coal  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface,  and  a 
performance  of  .10  B.  II.  P.  per  square  foot  of  heating  surface.  Let  the  grate  surface  be  decreased  to  give  a 
surface  ratio  of  46,  then  by  increasing  the  rate  of  combustion  to  30,  we  shall  have  increased  the  capacity  of  the 
boiler  46  per  cent,  without  having  decreased  its  efficiency. 

BASIS  OF  CALCULATION. — Curves,  Plate  III,  show  the  running  of  cost  per  hour  per  horse-power  perform- 
ance for  various  rates  of  driving  in  per  cent,  of  the  rated  capacity,  and  are  based  on  the  following  assumptions : 

Cost  of  coal, •      .      .      $3.00  per  ton  at  plant. 

Cost  of  labor, $2 . 50  per  day. 

Cost  of  boiler  plant,         §25.00  per  rated  horse  power. 

Cost  of  maintenance  (including  deterioration),      7^/2   per  cent. 

Interest, 5  per  cent. 

Heat  generated  per  Ib.  coal, 12,500  B.  T.  U. 

One  boiler  horse  power  is  taken  as  equivalent  to  the  evaporation  of  34^  pounds  of  water  from  and  at 
212°  F.  per  hour.  Although  builders'  ratings  vary,  with  a  ratio  of  heating  surface  to  grate  surface  of  45  to 
i,  we  may  take  as  an  average  rating  11.5  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  rated  horse  power,  which  corre- 
sponds approximately  to  a  rate  of  combustion  of  twenty  pounds  of  coal  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  grate.  It 
is  assumed  that  the  radiation  loss  is  constant  for  all  rates  of  driving,  although  this  is  not  strictly  accurate,  yet 
the  increase  in  radiation  loss  with  increased  rate  of  driving  is  relatively  so  slight  that  it  may  be  neglected. 

45 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Cost    Curves— Plates  III  and  IV 


•4L  COST  iOF  STEAM  PRPDl] 

' 


REOUIREDUPEB 
FERFORMftNCE: 


.40  .60  .80          1.00         1.20          1.40         1.60 

PERFORMANCE- PERCRNT OF  RATING. 


12      14 

DAILY  OUTPUT. 

B.U.P.-  HOURS  PER  DAY  PER  RATED  B.H.P. 


Copyright  1901  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by   Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Economy  Effected  in  Power  Plants — Continued 

Under  ordinary  conditions  the  radiation  loss  is  about  12  per  cent,  of  the  rated  performance.     It  requires,  then, 
to  compensate  for  it,  approximately  one-half  of  a  pound  of  coal  per  hour  per  rated  horse  power. 

From  these  assumptions  the  following  constant  hourly  costs  per  rated  horse  power  are  computed: 

Interest  and  maintenance $.00033 

Labor, .00022 

Radiation  loss, 00065 

Total  fixed  cost  per  hour  per  rated  horse  power,      .      .      .      $.00120 

Total  fixed  hourly  cost  divided  by  rate  of  actual  performance  to  rated  performance  gives  curve  marked 
"Fixed  cost  per  hour  per  boiler  horse-power  performance." 

HIGH  RATES  OF  DRIVING. — Knowing  approximately  the  thermal  efficiencies  at  the  different  rates  of 
driving,  we  have  the  means  of  obtaining  the  cost,  curve  "B".  We  see  that  although  "B"  increases  with 
increased  performance,  it  does  not  increase  as  rapidly  as  "A"  decreases.  As  the  sum  of  these  two  curves  we 
have  the  curve  "C",  which  shows  the  total  cost  per  hour  per  horse-power  performance  to  decrease  slightly 
when  the  boilers  are  driven  above  their  rated  performance,  and  to  increase  very  rapidly  when  driven  below 
this  rating,  demonstrating  the  economy  of  high  rates  of  driving.  The  curves  in  Fig.  IV  shows  the  cost  of 
the  daily  work  required  of  the  boiler.  Estimates  are  based  on  308  working  days  in  the  year.  The  average 
fixed  costs  per  each  working  day  is  the  total  fixed  cost  per  year  divided  by  308.  In  electric  light  and  railway 
work  it  would,  of  course,  be  for  365  days.  If  the  boiler  was  worked  on  an  average  at  its  rated  performance 
for  ten  hours  a  day  its  daily  output  would  then  be  ten  horse-power  hours  per  rated  horse  power.  The  cost  per 
horse-power  hour  would  be  the  total  daily  cost  divided  by  ten.  Similarly  the  costs  of  other  daily  outputs  are 
determined.  We  may  see  from  this  curve  the  considerable  advantage  of  running  the  plant  at  an  average 
equal  to  or  above  the  rated  capacity  of  the  boilers. 

DEFECTS  OF  CHIMNEY  DRAFT. — The  difficulty  in  accomplishing  this  with  chimney  draft  is,  in  the  first 
place,  that  20  pounds  of  coal  per  square  foot  of  grate  is  about  the  maximum  rate  of  combustion  obtainable. 
Second,  to  run  the  engine  at  all  economically  at  the  average  loads  they  must  be  overloaded  at  the  peaks, 
with  simple  engine  by  changing  the  point  of  cut-off  to  nearly  full  stroke,  and  with  the  larger  compound  and 
triple  expansion  engines  by  admitting  high  pressure  steam  into  the  low  pressure  cylinders.  In  either  case  the 
water  rate  of  the  engine  is  greatly  increased. 

Thus,  not  only  are  the  boilers  called  upon  to  supply  more  engine  horse  power,  but  they  must  also  furnish 
one-fourth  to  one-third  more  steam  per  engine  horse  power.  Fifty  per  cent,  overload  on  the  engine  will, 
therefore,  require  nearly  two  times  as  much  steam  as  at  normal  running.  As  every  fireman  knows,  there 

47 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Influence  of  the   Temperature  of  Air — Plate  V 


1.7 


eg 100 


200 


250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700  . 


0.1 


100  150 


200 


250  300  350  400  450 

TEMPERATURE  IN  DEGREES  FAHRENHEIT. 


500 


550  600  650  700 


Copyright   igoj  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


48 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Economy  Effected    in   Power  Plants — Continued 

is  always  great  danger,  too,  with  chimney  draft,  when  the  atmospheric  conditions  are  unfavorable,  or  with 
slight  negligence  in  firing,  that  sufficient  steam  will  not  be  made  at  the  peaks  to  maintain  the  pressure.  When 
this  happens  it  becomes  impossible  to  bring  the  pressure  up  again,  since  the  engines  demand  more  steam  at 
the  lower  pressures;  and  the  pressure  continues  to  fall  until  the  plant  is  brought  to  a  standstill.  With 
ordinary  chimney  draft  it  is  manifestly  impossible,  where  there  are  fluctuations  of  50  per  cent,  in  the  load, 
to  run  the  boilers  on  the  average  loads  with  a  rate  of  combustion  much  over  ten  pounds  of  coal  per  square 
foot  of  grate,  since  the  maximum  rate  of  twenty  pounds  is  required  at  the  peaks. 

FLEXIBILITY  ESSENTIAL. — With  mechanical  draft  the  rate  of  combustion  can  be  easily  increased  to  over 
50  pounds  of  coal  per  square  foot  of  grate,  driving  the  boiler  at  more  than  double  its  rated  capacity  with  fair 
economy.  Of  course,  it  should  be  understood,  that  such  high  rates  of  driving  are  possible,  even  for  short 
periods,  only  where  the  boilers  are  in  the  best  condition,  with  ample  heating  surfaces  free  from  incrustation, 
and  designed  to  withstand  high  temperatures.  Further,  it  is  imperative  that  the  thickness  of  bed  of  fuel  be 
proportioned  to  the  intensity  of  draught,  otherwise  no  advantage  is  derived  from  the  increased  rate  of 
combustion.  The  boilers  may,  therefore,  be  run  at  the  average  loads  at  a  rate  equal  to  or  above  their  rated 
capacity.  Besides,  with  the  better  facilities  of  draft,  economizers  may  be  placed  in  the  smoke  flues.  These 
greatly  aid  the  boilers  in  the  performance  of  their  work,  especially  at  the  peak  loads,  saves  the  cost  of 
increased  boiler  power,  and  gives  considerable  economy  in  fuel  as  well. 

A  PRACTICAL  ILLUSTRATION. — In  such  cases  as  the  above,  when  with  mechanical  draft  we  could  obtain 
a  daily  output  of  over  ten  horse-power  hours  per  rated  boiler  horse  power,  we  could  obtain  only  one-half  as 
much,  or  only  five  horse-power  hours,  with  natural  draft  of  ordinary  intensity.  Now,  referring  to  the  cost, 
curve,  Plate  IV,  we  see  that  the  cost  of  the  production  of  steam  per  horse-power  hour  is  $.01215,  at  a  daily 
output  of  five  horse-power  hours  per  rated  horse  power  with  natural  draft,  while  with  mechanical  draft  at 
ten  horse-power  hours  output  the  cost  is  only  $.00830,  giving  a  difference  of  $.00385  in  cost  per  horse-power 
hour.  Under  these  conditions  in  a  boiler  plant  having  an  average  output  of  1,000  horse  power,  or  a  total 
daily  output  of  10,000  horse-power  hours,  the  saving  would  be  $38.50  per  day,  or  308  times  $38. 50,  which  equals 
$11,858  per  year  saved  by  using  higher  intensities  of  draft.  With  economizers  the  saving  would  be  about  12 
per  cent,  greater.  The  cost  of  operating  the  induced  draft  fans  may  be  figured  at  i1/?  per  cent,  of  the  total 
cost  of  plant  operation  as  a  fair  average,  since  from  one  to  one  and  one-half  per  cent,  of  the  boiler  power  is 
used  by  the  fan  engine.  On  this  basis  the  cost  of  operating  the  fans  would  be  one  and  one-half  per  cent,  of 
308  times  $83.00,  which  equals  one  and  one-half  per  cent,  of  $24,364,  or  $365  per  year.  This  gives  a  net  saving 
of  $11,858  less  $365  or  $11,493  Per  year,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  saving  of  $11.50  per  horse  power  per  year. 

49 


32 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Temperature  Diagram — Plate  VI 

DEGREES        FAHRENHEIT 
62          92          122         152         182         212        242         272        302        332        362         392        422        452        482        612 


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RELATIVE  VOLUME  OF  AIR  AT  ATMOSPHERIC  PRESSURE,  THE  VOLUME  OF  AIR  AT  FREEZING  POINT  BEING  UNITY. 


Copyright  IQOJ  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,   Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Economy  Effected  in  Power  Plants — Continued 

In  addition  to  the  savings  just  enumerated  and  tabulated  below,   the   following  are   worthy   of  much 

consideration.      With  economizer  capacity  sufficient  to  heat  the  feed-water  from  65°  to  200°  the  saving  in 

fuel  will  be   12  per  cent.     In  a  1,000  horse-power  plant,  this  would  amount  to  an  additional  yearly  saving  of 

$2,130  or  $2.13  per  horse  power  per  year,  with  fuel  costing  $17.80  per  horse  power  per  year.     It  is  estimated 

that  the  first  costs  of  a  plant   and  the  cost  of  maintenance  will  not  be  materially  increased  by  the  use  of 

economizers,  since  by  heating  the  feed-water  they  increase  the  capacity  of  the  boilers  from  8  to  12  per  cent. 

COMPARATIVE  COSTS  OF  BOILER  .PLANT  OPERATION  ON  PEAK  LOADS, 

USING  NATURAL  AND  MECHANICAL  DRAFT. 

1.  Cost       per  boiler  horse  power  hour  at  one-half  rated  daily  output,    $    .01215 

2 .  "  '  full  .00830          

3.  Saving     "  $    .00385 

4.  Cost       per  day  of  1,000  horse  power  at  one-half  121.50 

5.  "  "       "  full  83.00 

6.  Saving     "       "    on      "  38.50 

7.  Cost          "    year  of  "  one-half  37,422.00 

8.  "  full  25,564.00          

9.  Saving  11,858.00 

10.  Cost  of  operating  induced  draft  fans  one  and  one-half  per  cent.  385.00 

11.  Net  economy  per   1,000  horse  power  yearly,  with  mechanical  draft,   11,493.00          

12 .  i i . 50          

13.  Per  cent,  economy, 31  per  cent. 

To  CORRESPONDENTS:  In  order  to  give  specific  data  concerning  projected  mechanical  draft  plants,  it 
is  essential  that  we  be  furnished  with  the  following  details: 

First,  Number  of  boilers  to  be  served,  also  the  name  of  the  manufacturer  of  each,  and  its  rated  boiler 
horse  power.  Second,  The  width,  length  and  square  feet  of  grate  area  of  each.  Third,  Kind  and  quantity 
of  fuel  to  be  burned.  Fourth,  Steam  pressure  to  be  carried.  Fifth,  Motive  power  preferred  for  fan,  i.  e., 
steam  or  electricity,  with  belted  or  direct-connected  rig.  Sixth,  Whether  automatic  regulator  for  governing 
speed  of  fan  according  to  boiler  pressure  is  desired.  Seventh,  Fully  dimensioned  sketch  showing  proposed 
location  of  fan  relative  to  the  boilers  and  stack.  Eighth,  Clear  available  space  above  the  boiler  settings. 
Ninth,  Is  stack  built  or  to  be  built  of  steel  or  brick?  If  already  built,  give  height  and  area  of  smallest 
cross-section,  and  state  whether  square  or  round.  Tenth,  Do  you  prefer  forced  or  induced  draft? 

Si 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Horizontal  Tandem  Full-Housing  Fans  of  Three-quarter  Type 


View  showing  Lever  and  Hand  Wheel  by  means  of  which  either  Fan  may  be  cut  off 

52 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft    Apparatus 

Arguments  in  Favor 


FIRST  COST. — As  a  consideration  which,  though  ultimately  a  secondary  one,  is  first  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  interested  party,  it  is  well  to  compare  the  expense  of  installation  for  each  one  of  the  three  mechanical 
draft  types  as  against  the  chimney.  An  examination  of  our  records,  with  estimates  made  from  them,  confirms 
various  published  reports  which  show  that  with  a  boiler  plant  of  average  size  the  cost  of  a  forced  draft  fan, 
engine  and  stack  is  about  20  per  cent,  of  the  outlay  required  for  the  construction  of  a  chimney  which  would 
take  care  of  a  boiler  plant  of  equal  boiler  horse  power. 

The  single  fan  induced  draft  plant,  which  has  at  its  maximum  double  the  capacity  of  the  forced  draft 
fan  required  for  the  same  boiler  horse  power,  is  30  to  40  per  cent.,  and  the  double  fan  outfit,  complete  with 
smoke  connections,  dampers,  and  a  short  stack,  less  than  50  per  cent,  of  the  cost  for  a  natural  draft  equipment. 
The  double  fan  induced  draft  set  is  most  complete,  and  usually  installed  in  connection  with  economizers  to 
give  the  greatest  possible  gain  in  efficiency.  This  type  is  also  universal  in  mechanical  draft  plants  which  are 
required  to  operate  continuously,  where  any  breakdown,  however  temporary,  would  be  a  great  inconvenience. 
The  system  is  designed  so  that  only  one  fan  is  operated  at  a  time,  being  sufficient  to  carry  the  entire  load  alone. 
An  added  advantage  is,  that  for  short  periods,  both  fans  may  be  used  at  once,  to  force  the  boilers  beyond  their 
rated  capacity,  as  may  be  necessary  in  electric  light  or  street  car  service  during  a  crowded  season. 

The  photograph,  reproduced  on  page  twelve,  illustrates  well  the  comparative  size  of  stacks  for  the  two 
systems,  having  been  taken  immediately  after  remodeling  the  boiler  plant  at  the  Osaka  Water  Works  and  also 
increasing  the  capacity  of  the  original  plant,  which  was  served  by  the  brick  stack.  The  new  plant  being  in 
operation  at  the  time,  the  photo  illustrates  the  advantage  of  induced  draft  as  a  means  of  smoke  prevention. 

In  considering  the  original  cost  of  installation,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  chimney  requires  a  heavy,  solid 
foundation,  which  is  in  itself  no  small  item.  The  fan,  by  virtue  of  its  lightness,  requires  much  less  brickwork 
than  a  single  ordinary  boiler  setting,  and  when  placed  above  the  boilers,  as  it  frequently  is,  the  cost  for  erection 
is  a  very  small  per  cent,  of  the  foundation  required  for  a  chimney. 

COST  OF  OPERATION". — At  first  thought  it  would  appear  that  the  chimney  has  a  decided  advantage  in 
operating  expense,  but  it  will  at  once  be  clear  that  we  cannot  compare  the  two  directly;  we  must,  on  the  con- 
trary, consider  the  boiler  plant  as  a  whole,  operating  under  the  respective  conditions  of  natural  and  mechanical 
draft.  This  will  include  interest,  taxes,  insurance  and  other  fixed  charges,  beside  the  cost  for  fuel  and  labor. 

Assuming  that  a  chimney  for  a  certain  plant  will  cost  $10,000,  a  saving  of  $8,000,  $6,500,  or  $5,000  can 
be  depended  on,  according  to  the  type  of  apparatus  installed,  the  interest  on  which  amounts  will  go  far  toward 
operating  the  fan.  In  an  installation  made  by  this  house,  the  power  used  to  drive  the  fan  was  six-tenths  of 
one  per  cent,  of  the  total  horse  power  developed,  which  was  8,000.  The  fuel  burned  cost  $2.90  per  ton. 

S3 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Duplicate  Induced  Draft  Fans 


Duplicate  Fans  with  Cylinder  below  Shaft  Engines 

54 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Arguments  in  Favor — Continued 

Estimating  the  fuel  cost  per  horse  power  per  hour  for  one  year,  we  find  it  to  be  two  per  cent,  of  the 
estimated  cost  for  the  chimney  originally  planned.  That  is,  it  would  not  pay  to  build  the  chimney  as  long 
as  money  was  worth  two  per  cent,  per  annum.  This  does  not  consider  the  fact  that  a  much  cheaper  fuel 
can  be  burned  than  it  is  possible  to  use  with  natural  draft,  and  this  with  a  very  small  decrease  in  heating  effect, 
while  the  coal  bill  will  be  reduced  fully  one-quarter  in  most  localities,  nor  does  it  include  the  increased  efficiency 
of  mechanical  draft  over  chimney  or  natural -draft.  Records  kept  of  a  number  of  Buffalo  Forced  Draft  plants 
show  a  saving  of  30  per  cent,  in  the  cost  of  fuel  and  at  the  same  time  an  increase  of  from  10  to  15  per  cent,  in 
evaporative  efficiency  per  pound  of  coal  burned. 

These  savings  with  mechanical  draft  are  especially  large  when  the  boilers  are  run  on  a  varying  load,  or  in 
case  of  uneven  firing.  With  chimney  draft,  the  dampers  can  control  only  the  volume  of  air  passing  through 
the  grates,  the  intensity  remaining  unchanged,  thus  resulting  in  a  waste  of  fuel;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  any 
variation  in  the  speed  of  the  fan  necessarily  alters  the  force  of  the  draft,  as  well  as  the  volume  of  air  supplied. 
Again,  since  the  intensity  of  natural  draft  depends  on  the  temperature  of  the  flue  gases,  it  is  least  when  the 
fire  burns  low,  i.  c.,  when  it  should  be  greatest.  With  mechanical  draft,  by  means  of  a  regulating  valve,  the 
speed  of  the  fan  and  the  draft  intensity  increases  as  the  boiler  pressure  falls  and  decreases  when  the  steam  pres- 
sure raises,  thus  producing  the  required  variation  of  draft  to  maintain  a  practically  constant  boiler  pressure. 

The  intensity  of  draft  necessary  to  burn  hard  coal  screenings,  culm  and  such  cheap  fuels  can  hardly  be 
obtained  by  natural  draft,  while  the  saving  in  their  use  is  shown  by  the  table  given  below  in  which  Barrus  com- 
pares the  efficiency  of  various  mixtures,  with  Cumberland  coal  as  a  standard. 


Kind  of   Coal. 

Water  evaporated 
from  and  at 
212°  by  one  Ib.  of 
dry  coal. 

Relative  efficiency 
in  per  cent. 
Cumberland  = 

100$. 

Cost  of  Coal 
per  ton. 

Fuel  cost  of 
evaporating  1,000 
Ibs.  of  water  from 
and  at  212°. 

Relative  efficiency 
in  per  cent, 
measured  by  cost  to 
evaporate  1,000  Ibs. 
Cumberland  =  loo. 

11.04 

100 

$3.75 

$0.1698 

100 

9  79 

89 

4.50 

0.2297 

74 

9  40 

85 

5.00 

0.2260 

64 

Two  parts  Pea  and  Dust,  one  part 

9  38 

85 

2.58 

0.1375 

123 

Two  parts   1'ea  and   Dust,  one  part 
Culm    

9.01 

82 

2.58 

0.1432 

119 

8  86 

80 

4.00 

0.2259 

75 

Nova  Scotia  Culm  . 

8  42 

76 

2.00 

0.1187 

156 

ss 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Duplicate   Induced  Draft  Fans 


Duplicate  Fans  arranged  for  connection  to  Economizer  and  Stack 

56 


or  THf 


UNIVERSITY 

or 

Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Arguments  in  Favor — Continued 

WHY  GREATER  EFFICIENCY. — The  subject  of  operating  cost  could  not  well  have  been  treated  without 
entering  on  the  question  of  improved  efficiency,  but  the  reasons  for  the  latter  have  been  reserved  for  this  para- 
graph. Leaving  aside  for  a  moment  the  technical  study  of  the  process  of  combustion,  because  the  chemical 
action  of  combustion  by  which  the  carbon  of  the  fuel  is  converted  into  carbonic  acid  gas  is  generally  under- 
stood, it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  a  considerable  gain  from  the  fact  that  the  fan,  by  its  automatic  regulation, 
furnishes  draft  in  the  amount  and  at  the  time  needed,  thus  preventing  waste  of  coal. 

To  effect  this  change  from  10  to  12  pounds  of  air  per  pound  of  fuel  is  required,  according  to  the  grade 
of  coal  used.  An  excess  over  the  requirements  is,  of  course,  necessary  to  insure  the  thorough  oxidation  of  all 
the  carbon,  but  this  excess  need  never  exceed  50  per  cent.  With  the  chimney  draft,  however,  the  amount  of 
air  often  runs  up  to  from  24  to  36  pounds  and  sometimes  even  more  per  pound  of  coal.  This  results  in  a  lower 
temperature  over  the  grates,  and  a  consequent  slow  combustion,  which  is  the  condition  of  least  efficiency.  To 
secure  a  higher  combustion  rate  and  consequent  increase  in  efficiency,  thicker  fires  must  be  used  and  a  more 
intense  draft,  but  these  conditions  can  be  attained  with  chimney  draft  only  by  a  disproportionately  large 
increase  in  the  height  of  the  chimney  and  its  consequent  cost.  With  chimney  draft  a  consumption  of 
twenty-five  pounds  of  coal  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  is  seldom  reached.  With  the  fan,  however,  a 
consumption  of  40  pounds  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  is  quite  common;  this  figure  is  almost  doubled  in 
marine  service  where  high  pressures  are  employed,  and  these  results  are  obtained  without  any  large  increase 
in  cost  of  apparatus.  By  thus  increasing  the  steaming  capacity  of  the  plant,  the  number  of  boilers  may  be 
decreased  in  the  inverse  ratio  and  the  initial  cost  correspondingly  decreased. 

Since  in  order  to  secure  good  chimney  draft  the  flue  gases  must  be  at  a  high  temperature,  owners  are 
debarred  from  securing  the  best  results  from  economizers.  Reports  of  various  scientists  show  that  from  one- 
sixth  to  one-third  of  the  total  heat  of  combustion  is  wasted  in  the  escaping  gases  where  no  economizer  is  used. 
Cooling  of  the  gases  and  resistance  offered  to  their  flow  by  the  economizer  are  no  obstacles  to  the  fan, 
and  the  losses  may,  by  the  combination  of  mechanical  draft  and  economizers,  be  reduced  to  five  per  cent. 

The  actual  fuel  loss  in  the  form  of  unconsumed  carbon  in  the  smoke  is  very  small,  usually  not  over  one 
per  cent.,  but  the  restrictions  of  city  ordinances  often  make  natural  draft  out  of  the  question  on  this  account. 
With  careless  handling,  no  form  of  draft  will  prevent  this  nuisance,  but  the  supply  of  a  proper  amount  of  air 
under  an  intense  draft  will,  in  conjunction  with  good  firing,  operate  to  prevent  smoke  production. 

The  use  of  mechanical  stokers  has  done  much  to  improve  evenness  of  firing,  but  the  best  results  cannot 
be  obtained  from  them  without  mechanical  draft,  and  the  modern  forms  of  underfeed  stokers  and  hollow  blast 
grates  are  expressly  designed  to  operate  in  connection  with  forced  draft. 

57 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Duplicate  Induced  Draft  Fans 


Duplicate  Fans  arranged  for  Connection  to  Economizer  and  Stack 

58 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Arguments  in  Favor — Continued 

CONVENIENCE. — Under  this  head  might  properly  come  many  points  mentioned  elsewhere,  but  there  are 
others  more  purely  ethical,  such  as  the  avoidance  of  wear  and  tear  on  the  temper  on  mornings  when  the  draft 
is  sluggish,  and  the  boilers  refuse  to  steam.  Atmospheric  conditions  which  may  render  a  chimney  useless 
have  absolutely  no  effect  on  fan  draft.  The  quality  of  fuels  may  vary  and  require  a  different  intensity  of  draft. 

The  chimney  once  built,  besides  taking  up  much  valuable  space,  is  fixed  in  its  location  for  life.  Mechan- 
ical draft  may  be  easily  arranged  so  that  the  apparatus  occupies  no  floor  space,  and  if  it  is  found  advisable  to 
remove  or  change  the  position  of  the  boilers,  no  part  of  the  power  plant  is  more  easily  transported  than  the  fan. 

LIABILITY  TO  DAMAGE. — To  obtain  the  greatest  advantages  of  Mechanical  Draft,  the  fan  or  fans  should 
be  provided  with  direct-connected  engines  on  account  of  the  perfect  control  and  regulation  thus  obtainable, 
and  their  entire  independence  of  any  outside  source  of  power.  Thus  the  fan  may  be  started  before  the  main 
engine  in  the  morning  and  in  a  very  short  time  get  the  fires  in  the  right  condition  to  carry  the  load.  It  has 
been  argued  that  there  is  a  greater  liability  to  loss  with  the  use  of  fans  by  stoppage  in  draft  from  a  breakdown 
in  the  fan  or  engine,  but  an  examination  of  records  will  disprove  this.  The  construction  throughout  is  of  the 
best  and  simplest,  and  the  factor  of  safety  employed  is  many  times  greater  than  in  most  of  the  machinery 
equipment  of  the  shops.  When  the  duplex  induced  draft  system  is  installed,  there  is  no  possible  shut-down 
of  the  plant,  since  either  fan  alone  is  sufficient.  Many  installations  made  by  this  house  have  been  in  constant 
operation  for  over  twelve  years,  without  having  cost  a  penny  for  repairs. 

The  possibility  of  loss  is  often  greater  with  chimney  draft  than  with  mechanical  draft.  During  the  years 
1900  and  1901  especially,  the  windstorms  in  various  parts  of  the  country  played  havoc  with  the  stacks,  which 
were  laid  low,  causing  much  damage  to  adjoining  buildings  as  well  as  their  own  total  loss.  In  many  cases 
these  were  replaced  by  the  fan  with  its  short  stack,  and  hardly  a  day  passed  that  we  did  not  receive  inquiries 
from  such  unfortunate  manufacturers  or  others  who  dreaded  the  results  of  such  a  catastrophe. 

VARIOUS  APPLICATIONS. — With  forced  draft,  sometimes  known  as  the  plenum  system,  the  application 
of  air  is  beneath  the  grates  through  a  damper  in  the  ash-pit,  by  which  an  additional  means  of  regulation  is 
•  supplied,  making  each  boiler  independent  of  the  remainder  of  the  battery.  Preferably,  the  damper  is  embedded 
in  the  bridge  wall  as  shown  in  the  cuts  on  page  64,  the  air  is  directed  downward  and  distributed  evenly  beneath 
the  grates.  In  a  new  plant  the  bridge  wall  may  be  built  hollow,  with  dampers  opening  directly  out  of  it;  when 
forced  draft  is  applied  to  existing  plants,  tile  or  brick  ducts  convey  the  air  to  the  dampers,  which  are  placed 
in  the  same  position  as  before.  Both  of  these  arrangements  are  illustrated  on  page  64. 

The  fan  may  be  set  above  the  boilers  connecting  by  means  of  a  sheet  metal  duct,  or  on  the  floor,  in  which 
case  it  is  often  of  the  three-quarter  housing  type  discharging  directly  into  the  underground  duct. 

59 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo    "B"    Volume  Blowers 


Right-hand  Bottom  Vertical  Discharge,  showing  usual 
position  on  Boiler  Settings 


Right-hand  Bottom  Horizontal  Discharge,  used 
for  small  Forced  Draft  Plants 


60 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Arguments  in  Favor — Continued 

BUFFALO  "B"  VOLUME  BLOWERS,  having  cast-iron  shells,  and  designed  for  the  heaviest  service,  delivering 
air  at  pressures  up  to  six  ounces,  were  first  employed  for  forced  draft,  and  are  installed  in  small  plants 
or  where  fuel  requires  high  air  pressure  to  insure  complete  combustion.  Various  forms  of  underfeed 
mechanical  stokers,  and  special  grates,  mostly  of  the  hollow  blast  type,  are  designed  to  operate  in  con- 
nection with  forced  draft  under  heavy  pressures.  The  Buffalo  "B"  Volume  Blowers  have  been  adopted  by 
manufacturers  and  users  of  such  devices  for  their  durability  and  efficiency. 

When  induced  draft  is  used,  the  smoke  connection  from  the  boilers  is  brought  directly  to  the  inlet  of 
the  fan,  which  usually  discharges  upward  through  the  short  stack,  the  weight  of  which  it  supports.  When 
two  fans  are  used,  the  connections  are  made  so  that  by  operating  a  damper,  the  gases  may  be  passed 
through  either  fan.  The  location  and  type  of  apparatus  is  determined  in  all  cases  by  convenience. 

ADVANTAGES  OF  INDUCED  DRAFT. — Generally  speaking,  a  comparison  of  results  attainable  with  the 
plenum  and  vacuum  systems  shows  an  advantage  for  the  latter,  but  this  cannot  be  laid  down  as  a  rule,  since 
each  method  has  its  advantages  under  certain  conditions  which  may  be  sufficient  to  cause  its  adoption.  When 
mechanical  draft  is  used  to  help  out  an  overloaded  or  insufficient  chimney,  the  blower  is  of  the  greatest  assistance. 

In  burning  the  lowest  grades  of  fuel,  such  as  hard  coal  screenings  or  culm,  forced  draft  is  especially 
desirable.  The  pioneer  outfits  for  burning  culm  were  designed  by  this  house,  and  hundreds  of  the  original 
plants  are  still  in  operation  and  giving  the  best  results.  As  mentioned  before,  this  system  is  also  applied  with 
most  forms  of  stokers  and  hollow  blast  grates  for  which  it  is  especially  adapted. 

We  have  shown  in  the  comparison  of  first  costs  that  induced  draft  is  slightly  more  expensive  than  forced, 
on  account  of  the  larger  apparatus  required  for  the  same  boiler  horse  power.  The  ratio  is  not  fixed,  since 
the  air  capacity  required  of  an  induced  draft  fan  varies  with  the  absolute  temperature  of  the  gases.  Roughly 
it  is  twice  that  of  the  fan  for  forced  draft.  Since,  however,  the  density  of  the  gases  varies  in  the  inverse  ratio 
of  the  absolute  temperatures,  the  power  required  to  move  them  is  little  greater  than  with  forced  draft. 

Induced  draft  affords  the  greatest  benefits  of  economizers,  as  the  system  is  especially  adapted  to  this  end. 
Other  features  in  favor  of  the  system  are  in  the  line  of  convenience  and  saving  of  labor  in  operation  and 
installation.  No  changes  are  necessary  in  boiler  settings,  such  as  introducing  dampers  or  air  ducts.  The  draft 
being  more  uniformly  distributed  over  the  grates,  the  fires  require  less  attention  to  make  them  burn  evenly. 
There  is  less  deposit  of  soot  in  the  boiler  tubes,  on  account  of  the  higher  velocity  of  the  gases  passing  through. 
This  makes  frequent  cleaning  unnecessary.  Free  access  may  be  had  to  the  ash-pit  or  to  the  fire-box  without 
blowing  out  into  the  room,  since  pressure  is  inward  rather  than  outward.  For  the  same  reason,  there  is  no 
deposit  of  dust  and  fine  ash  in  the  boiler  room  which  may  occur  with  forced  draft  if  the  boilers  are  not  air-tight. 

61 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Hook  Draft  Gauge  and  Fan  Engine  Speed  Regulating  Valve 


Correct    Method    of    Connecting   a    Fan 
Engine  Speed  Regulating  Valve 


Buffalo  Improved  Hook  Draft  Gauge 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Hook  Draft  Gauge  and  Fan  Engine  Speed  Regulating  Valve 

BUFFALO  HOOK  DRAFT  GAUGE,  being  constructed  entirely  of  aluminum,  brass  and  glass,  will  resist 
corrosion  much  better  than  draft  gauges  usually  placed  upon  the  market.  It  consists  essentially  of  two 
glass  cylinders,  one  being  air  tight  and  connecting  by  means  of  a  rubber  tube  to  the  chamber  in  which  the 
draft  is  to  be  measured.  This  cylinder  communicates  through  the  base  with  the  second  cylinder.  In  the 
second  cylinder  is  placed  a  calibrated  screw.  On  the  end  of  this  screw  is  a  hook  for  piercing  the  surface  of 
the  water.  When  using  the  instrument  it  is  essential  that  it  remain  in  a  fixed  position.  It  is  not  necessary 
to  know  the  quantity  of  water  in  these  cylinders.  The  water  column  is  measured  as  follows: 

First,  lower  the  hook  under  the  surface  of  the  water;  then  by  means  of  the  screw  raise  the  hook  until 
it  touches  its  reflection  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  Then  make  connection  with  flue  by  means  of  the  rubber 
tube.  The  column  of  water  will  lower  in  the  first  cylinder  and  raise  in  the  second.  After  the  water  has 
reached  a  balance,  again  raise  the  screw  until  it  touches  its  reflection  on  the  surface  of  the  water  as  before. 
The  distance  through  which  you  raise  the  screw  will  be  shown  on  the  scale  and  is  one-half  the  height  of  a 
water  column  corresponding  to  the  pressure  of  the  air. 

The  illustration  on  opposite  page  shows  the  proper  method  of  connecting  a  fan  engine  speed  regulating 
valve.  The  upper  pipes  should  always  be  run  direct  to  the  boiler.  Under  no  circumstances  can  the  small  piping 
to  the  left  be  taken  from  another  pipe  which  is  supplying  steam  to  a  different  point.  The  larger  pipe  can  be 
taken  off  from  main  steam  supply,  but  this  will  tend  to  impair  the  efficiency  of  the  system  and  make  it  much 
less  sensitive  than  when  this  pipe  communicates  direct  to  the  boiler.  The  lower  right-hand  pipe  leads  direct 
to  the  fan  engine,  but  the  valve  should  not  be  placed  too  close  to  the  engine.  The  volume  of  steam  in  this 
pipe  between  the  valve  and  the  cylinder  of  the  engine  should  be  double  the  volume  of  steam  contained  in  the' 
cylinder  at  cut-off.  The  failure  to  realize  the  importance  of  this  steam  volume  leads  to  very  bad  results.  The 
valve  should  be  hung  plumb  and  level  with  the  side  marked  "Inlet,"  placed  to  the  left  when  piping  stands  as 
shown  by  the  illustration.  After  the  valve  is  placed  in  position,  see  that  it  does  not  bind  in  the  post.  The 
cap  can  be  removed  for  examining  the  valve.  By  moving  the  weight  to  the  left,  the  fan  will  maintain  a  higher 
steam  pressure  in  the  boiler  by  working  in  the  following  manner: 

The  weight  tends  to  keep  the  valve  open  at  all  times.  The  steam  pressure  of  the  boiler  counteracts  this 
action  by  pressing  against  a  diaphragm  in  the  valve.  When  the  valve  is  set  for  a  steam  pressure  of  100  pounds, 
the  pressure  on  this  diaphragm  will  be  sufficient  to  raise  the  weight  and  close  the  valve,  thus  shutting  off  the 
engine.  When  the  steam  pressure  in  the  boiler  falls,  the  pressure  on  the  diaphragm  is  much  less  and  the 
weight  falls,  thus  opening  the  valve  and  starting  the  engine,  producing  a  strong  draft  which  will  soon  cause 
the  pressure  in  the  boiler  to  raise  until  it  again  reaches  the  required  point. 

63 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Forced  Draft  Regulating  Dampers 


Method  of  Applying  Buffalo  Dampers  to  Underground  Tile 


Method^of  Applying  Dampers  to  Hollow  Bridge  Wall 
64 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Draft  Regulating  Dampers 

BUFFALO  DRAFT  REGULATING  DAMPERS  are  illustrated  in  two  styles.     The  type  selected  in  each  instance 
depends  upon  the  mode  of  conveying  the  air  from  the   fan   to  the   ash-pit.     The  two  methods  most  usually 
employed  are  well  illustrated  on  the  opposite  page.     The  first  illustration  shows  a  damper  designed  to  com- 
municate with  a  system  of  underground  tile  piping  leading  from  the 
fan  to  the  boiler.     The  second  shows  the  damper  usually  employed 
when  the  air  duct  is  built    in    the    bridge    wall.     Either  damper  is 
guaranteed  to  give  entire  satisfaction.     Where  it  is  inconvenient  to 
introduce  the  air  currents  through  the  bridge  wall,  a  damper  with 
a  special  arrangement  of  levers  is  employed.     The  regulation  of  the 
draft  is  so  excellent  and  so  perfectly  under  the  control  that  many 
consider  it   sufficiently  adequate  for  practical  economy  without  the 
addition  of  more  expensive  arrangements,  whereby  the  speed  of  the 
fan  and  engine  would  be  controlled  according  to  the  boiler  pressure. 
Whether  such  automatic  regulation  be  installed  or  not,  these  regu- 
lating dampers  are  very  important  and  cannot  be  easily  dispensed 
with.     The   damper  employed  with  the   hollow  bridge  wall   can  readily  be 
supplied  with  any  given  dimensions.     Dimensions  of  the  dampers  for  under- 
ground tile  are  not  so  readily  changed,  and  it  is  essential  that  the  dimensions 
and  sizes  given  below  are  strictly  adhered  to  when  designing  a    system  to 
employ  underground  tile  piping. 

Detail  drawings  showing  the  best  location  for  the  fan  air  ducts  and 
draft  regulating  dampers  will  be  furnished,  to  prospective  purchasers, 
upon  application. 

DIMENSIONS  OF  DRAFT  DAMPERS  FOR  TILE  DUCT. 


SIZE. 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

K 

L 

N 

12  in. 

121 

8 

7 

8* 

19} 

16* 

If 

2 

17* 

6* 

1 

14  " 

14- 

8 

8* 

9* 

22* 

19* 

If 

2 

20* 

8 

1 

16  "    16j 

8 

10 

10* 

25* 

22*  !  If 

2 

23* 

9* 

1 

18  " 
24  " 

18^ 
24j 

• 

8 
8 

10 

12| 

10* 
15* 

39} 

27* 
35} 

If 

2 

2 

28* 
37 

9* 
12 

1 
1 

Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Special  Steel  Flute  Fan 


Right-hand  Full  Housing  Up   Blast  Discharge  Fan  with  Motor. 

66 


iffalo  Mechanicar  Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Special  Steel  Plate  Fan 


Left-hand  Full  Housing  Down  Blast  Discharge  Fan  with  Cross  Compound  Engine. 

67 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Special   Steel   Plate  Fan 


Full   Housing  Steel  Plate  Fan  with   Double  Horizontal  Engine. 

68 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Special  Steel   Plate  Steam   Fans 

BUFFALO  SPECIAL  STEEL  PLATE  FANS  are  used  to  accomplish  results  of  an  unusual  nature,  and  there- 
fore the  design  and  construction  vary  with  each  particular  machine.  For  this  reason  they  are  always  built 
to  order.  No  standard  list  of  these  fans  can  be  given  which  would  cover  all  requirements.  This  house  makes 
fans  varying  greatly  with  respect  to  size  and  style  and  in  each  case  they  are  so  proportioned  as  to  especially 
adapt  them  to  the  work  which  it  is  desired  to  perform.  A  type  and  size  of  engine  having  ample  power  is 
selected  and  one  which  is  well  qualified  to  withstand  all  that  is  required  of  it  under  the  existing  conditions. 

For  high  pressure  and  great  velocities  of  air  it  would  be  necessary  to  run  steam  fans,  as  ordinarily  built, 
at  so  high  a  rate  of  speed  that  the  life  of  the  engine  would  be  of  short  duration.  Where  these  conditions 
exist  Buffalo  Special  Steel  Plate  Fans  are  built  with  narrow  wheels,  the  diameter  being  much  greater  than 
the  usual  practice.  This  results  in  a  correspondingly  increased  pressure  of  air  secured  by  giving  to  the  wheel 
a  larger  peripheral  velocity  and  delivering  the  air  through  a  comparatively  small  outlet. 

Several  Special  Buffalo  Steam  Fans  are  illustrated  by  the  accompanying  cuts.  The  one  appearing  on 
the  opposite  page  was  built  for  United  States  ships.  The  work  required  of  the  fan  was  to  produce  forced 
draft  under  the  boilers,  and  also  to  ventilate  different  portions  of  the  vessel.  The  condition  of  the  installa- 
tion which  are  common  for  similar  work  necessitated  strong,  substantial  construction,  and  the  best  grade  of 
engine  for  high  speed  under  continuous  use.  The  arrangement  and  design  of  the  engines  are  such  that  each 
has  ample  capacity  to  drive  the  fan  independently.  Both  engines  may  be  operated  simultaneously,  if  desired, 
or  the  fan  may  be  driven  by  either  alone,  thus  always  having  one  engine  in  reserve. 

The  engraving  appearing  on  page  67  is  a  good  illustration  of  the  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Steam  Fan.  This 
fan  has  a  cross-compound  vertical  engine  with  the  cylinders  above  the  shaft.  The  bearings  are  water-cooled 
and  the  engine  is  entirely  inclosed  and  runs  in  oil.  These  measures  insure  a  perfectly  smooth  and  easy-run- 
ning fan  with  absolutely  no  danger  from  overheated  bearings.  Generally  speaking,  however,  for  marine  and 
the  other  duty  requiring  continuous  operation  the  double  type  of  engine  is  to  be  preferred  to  the  single  unless 
there  is  an  equipment  of  duplicate  plants.  In  an  installation  of  the  latter  type  a  single  engine,  properly 
designed  and  constructed,  will  render  efficient  service  and  require  only  ordinary  attention. 

Since  the  practice  of  applying  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Steam  Fans  for  forced  draft,  and  ventilation  has 
proven  so  eminently  successful  in  the  great  ocean  vessels,  they  are  now  not  only  being  universally  employed 
for  all  large  boats,  but  are  adopted  in  smaller  ones  as  well.  Small  steamships  can  be  ventilated  and  supplied 
with  the  forced  draft  system  for  their  boiler  fires  as  readily  and  with  results  equal  to  those  of  larger  ones.  For 
continuous  running  and  especially  for  high  speed,  the  double  upright  inclosed  engine  direct-connected  to  the 
Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fan  embodies  the  acme  of  efficiency  and  durability. 

69 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Special  Steel   Plate   Fan 


Three-quarter  Housing  Steel  Plate   Fan  with   Double   Horizontal  Engine. 

70 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Double   Horizontal  Engines 

SPECIAL  DOUBLE  HORIZONTAL  ENGINE  FANS  herewith  illustrated  and  described  were  originally 
designed  especially  for  use  on  vessels  of  the  United  States  Navy.  High  speeds,  high  boiler  pressures 
and  continuous  operation,  incident  to  the  navy  requirements,  call  for  unusually  strong,  substantial  fans  with 
engines  of  the  highest  grade  of  construction.  Space  is  too  limited  to  show  and  describe  all  of  the  designs  of 
special  fans  with  horizontal  engines  which  have  been  built  by  this  house  for  various  requirements.  Photo- 
graphs of  other  types  will  be  supplied  upon  request  of  prospective  purchasers. 

The  engraving  on  the  opposite  page  shows  a  fan  with  double  horizontal  engines,  one  being  placed  on  either 
side  of  the  crank  shaft,  which  is  extended  into  the  fan  and  forms  a  direct-attached  machine  by  reason  of  the 
fan  wheel  being  placed  on  the  opposite  end  of  the  shaft.  But  one  of  the  engines  is  intended  for  use  at  a  time, 
the  other  rod  being  disconnected  and  held  in  reserve  in  case  of  an  accident,  although  the  design  is  such  that 
both  may  be  operated  simultaneously,  if  desired.  In  the  construction  of  this  engine,  the  desirable  point  of 
being  able  to  quickly  change  from  the  right  to  the  left-hand  engine,  or  the  reverse,  at  the  same  time  keeping 
a  perfect  balance,  has  been  embodied.  This  feature  is  accomplished  in  the  following  manner:  The  disc  is 
made  sufficiently  heavy  on  the  side  on  which  the  pin  is  placed  to  counterbalance  the  crank  and  connections 
when  the  left-hand  engine  connected  to  the  crank  is  in  use.  Then  when  the  left-hand  engine  is  disconnected 
and  the  right-hand  engine  is  connected  up,  the  pocket  provided  in  the  disc  on  the  opposite  side  from  the  pin 
is  filled  with  shot  and  the  balance  re-established  for  the  right-hand  engine  when  the  left-hand  engine  is  held 
in  reserve.  The  pocket  in  which  the  shot  is  placed  is  stopped  with  a  threaded  plug  inserted  with  a  screw-driver 
and  makes  a  neat  finish.  It  may  be  filled  or  emptied  in  a  few  seconds  time.  The  crank  shaft  is  of  forged 
steel,  of  ample  proportions,  which  is  a  distinguishing  feature  of  Buffalo  Steam  Fans.  Sufficient  space  is 
left  between  the  crank  and  the  disc  for  the  eccentric  and  a  bearing  of  ample  wearing  proportions.  The  valves 
employed  are  of  the  piston  type,  carefully  fitted  up  with  cages  and  snap  ring  packing.  They  are  attached 
to  the  valve  stem  by  a  simple,  efficient  method,  which  permits  of  the  removal  of  the  valve  with  the  greatest 
ease.  Other  general  construction  details  are  similar  to  those  found  in  the  Buffalo  Center-crank  Engines. 

The  illustration  shows  a  large  fan  in  three-quarter  steel  plate  housing,  the  lower  portion  of  the  scroll 
being  brick-work,  and  is  used  for  blowing  a  battery  of  stationary  boiler  fires.  On  shipboard,  full  housing  fans 
are  employed,  and  where  a  double  horizontal  engine  is  desired,  a  cast-iron  supporting  base  may  be  furnished, 
or  the  lower  scroll  of  fan  extend  below  the  floor  line.  The  advantages  of  double  horizontal  and  upright  engines, 
so  designed  that  each  has  ample  capacity  to  drive  the  fan  at  its  maximum  speed,  with  the  provision  in  both 
types  of  either  engine  being  used  separately  or  simultaneously  are  obvious.  The  cylinders  are  of  large  diameter 
compared  with  the  stroke,  with  the  result  of  developing  large  powers  at  high  rotative  but  moderate  piston  speed. 

71 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Special  Discharge   Fan  with  Double  Double-acting  Engine 


Right-hand  Full  Housing  Special  Discharge  Fan  with  Double  Cylinder  above  Shaft  Engine. 

72 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft    Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fan  with  Double  Double-acting  Engine 

DOUBLE  DOUBLE-ACTING  ENGINES  are  used  with  fans  where  it  is  important  to  economize  space.  They 
embody  the  necessary  characteristics  of  being  small  and  compact  in  proportion  to  the  power  developed.  The 
original  installation  of  an  engine  of  this  type  was  upon  an  important  merchant  marine.  The  fans  were  not 
installed  in  duplicate,  two  being  used  because  the  available  space  was  of  such  nature  that  a  single  fan  of 
sufficient  size  could  not  be  employed.  The  arrangement  provided  the  desirable  feature  that  in  case  either 
were  disabled  it  would  be  possible  to  keep  conditions  normal  during  the  time  necessary  for  repairs. 

While  these  engines  are  double-acting,  both  cylinders  are  supplied  with  steam  from  one  valve.  The  valve 
is  made  of  either  the  piston  or  slide  valve  type.  The  cranks  are  set  at  one  hundred  and  eighty  degrees  apart 
and  both  connecting  rods  and  crank  shaft  are  made  of  forged  steel.  The  connecting  rods  are  made  of  the 
marine  type  at  the  crank  end,  and  of  the  wedge  type  at  the  crosshead  end.  The  bearings  are  all  babbitted, 
and  where  the  engine  is  connected  to  an  induced  draft  apparatus  arrangements  are  made  for  water-cooled 
bearings.  A  continuous  spraying  action  practically  bathes  all  bearing  surfaces  in  oil,  thus  reducing  frictional 
losses  to  a  minimum.  Where  high  speed  is  desirable  no  other  type  of  engine  is  so  well  adapted  to  the  work 
as  the  Buffalo  Double  Vertical  Double-acting  Engine. 

The  double  upright  engine  fans  are  unequaled  for  mechanical  or  induced  draft  in  power  plants  and  are 
employed  in  the  largest  outfits  in  operation  in  this  country,  usually  in  conjunction  with  fuel  economizers.  In 
such  service,  the  fans  are  usually  arranged  in  pairs  and  are  built  with  overhung  wheels,  water-cooling  boxes 
and  other  departures  from  the  regular  form,  to  prevent  the  journals  from  heating  and  the  working  parts  from 
destruction  by  the  action  of  the  gases  produced  in  fuel  combustion.  The  fan  housing  also  receives  special 
attention,  and  is  thoroughly  braced  with  heavy  angle  iron  frames,  which  hold  it  rigid  under  all  strains.  Smoke 
stacks  are  frequently  placed  directly  on  top  of  the  housing,  where  fans  are  employed  in  connection  with  fuel 
economizers  and  the  induced  draft  systems. 

The  lubrication  of  the  Buffalo  Double  Upright  Engine  is  accomplished  in  a  uniform  and  positive  manner, 
a  result  obtained  only  by  the  method  employed  in  this  and  other  types  of  uprights  manufactured  by  this  house, 
fully  described  in  our  Engine  Catalogue.  An  honest  investigation  of  every  detail  of  this  engine  can  have 
no  other  result  than  an  acknowledgment  of  unequaled  construction  and  design.  Prominent  features  are  a 
heavy  frame  with  width  of  base  that  gives  greatest  stability,  accessibility  for  packing  and  repairs  by  mean 
of  the  large  dust-proof  doors,  and  large  surfaces  of  all  parts  subject  to  wear.  Hardened  pins  are  employed 
wherever  possible,  and  a  special  composition  of  metals  is  used  for  the  cylinders  and  valve,  while  every  wearing 
part  has  ready  means  for  adjustment.  Simplicity  of  construction,  and  highest  grade  of  material  and  work- 
manship (upon  which  depends  durability)  could  not  be  combined  to  greater  advantage. 

73 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Double  Single-acting  Engines 


Left-hand  Full   Housing  Up  Blast   Discharge  Fan  with  Double  Single-acting  Engine 

74 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Double  Single-acting  Engines 

Buffalo  Double  Single-acting  Engines  are  especially  adapted  for  direct-connection  to  small  sizes  of  fans 
upon  small  steam  yachts  and  boats  of  average  size.  In  this  capacity  they  have  been  widely  used,  and  have 
always  given  satisfaction.  They  are  usually  arranged  to  serve  the  double  purpose  of  ventilating  as  well  as 
producing  mechanical  draft  for  the  boilers.  The  full  effectiveness  of  the  boilers  is  always  assured.  In  marine 
work  it  is  especially  desirable  to  produce  the  largest  amount  of  steam  with  the  smallest  amount  of  boiler  space. 
Since  the  introduction  of  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fans  to  this  work  the  space  required  for  a  given  boiler  capacity 
has  been  very  materially  reduced.  By  the  proper  application  of  these  fans  to  marine  boilers,  so  marked  an 
increase  of  speed  has  been  noticed  that  owners  of  lines,  who  have  observed  the  benefits  derived  from  an 
initial  fan,  are  speedily  installing  them  into  all  of  their  ships. 

In  steamers  equipped  with  fan  ventilation,  the  old  form  of  ventilating  pipes,  whose  efficiency 
was  very  low  at  best  and  never  reliable,  especially  under  unfavorable  conditions  of  the  weather,  is  entirely 
dispensed  with,  and  the  whole  dependence  is  now  placed  upon  the  fan.  Marked  success  has  accompanied  the 
fan  system  of  ventilation  as  applied  to  fruiting  steamers.  By  keeping  the  fruit  in  the  hold  of  the  ship  supplied 
with  pure,  fresh  air,  the  decrease  in  percentage  of  decay  has  often  been  enough,  even  on  a  single  trip,  to  pay 
for  the  cost  of  the  installation.  Forced  draft  and  ventilation  are  secured  with  the  same  fan. 

The  illustrations  on  page  74  show  to  good  advantage  the  simplicity  and  compactness  of  design  of  these 
direct-connected  engines.  The  engine  is  entirely  inclosed,  and  the  moving  parts  run  in  oil.  Interior  frame 
pockets  constantly  filled  with  oil  thoroughly  lubricate  the  main  bearings.  These  engines  are  made  with  or 
without  governors  as  desired,  and  are  built  in  sizes  suitable  for  fans  up  to  one  hundred  inches.  A  close 
inspection  of  the  illustration  will  reveal  the  admirable  base  provided  for  the  engine.  Both  cylinders  are 
supplied  with  steam  by  the  action  of  the  same  valve,  thus  further  simplifying  the  design,  and  reducing  the 
moving  parts  to  a  minimum.  The  valve  is  placed  between  the  cylinders  and  is  of  the  piston  type.  By 
means  of  this  arrangement  the  steam  has  very  little  distance  to  travel  through  ports. 

The  advantage  this  type  of  engine  possesses  over  all  other  types  is  the  saving  in  space.  This  important 
result  is  accomplished  by  doing  away  with  the  piston  rod,  and  thereby  reducing  the  height  of  the  engine  at 
least  one-third.  The  connecting  rod  is  coupled  directly  on  to  the  piston  head,  and  is  of  the  ordinary  type  with 
a  marine  end.  It  is  made  of  the  best  quality  of  cast  steel  and  amply  proportioned  to  withstand  all  strains  that 
come  within  the  work  for  which  the  engines  are  designed.  Another  great  advantage  of  this  type  of  engine  is 
its  ability  to  run  at  high  speeds.  This  property  makes  it  doubly  valuable  in  places  where  great  economy  of 
space  is  demanded  and  at  the  same  time  a  large  air  capacity.  By  running  one  of  these  engines  direct-con- 
nected to  a  medium-sized  fan  the  desired  result  may  be  easily  obtained  in  spite  of  the  adverse  conditions. 

75 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fan  with  Buffalo  Center-crank  Engine 


Left-hand   Three-quarter    Housing    Bottom    Horizontal   Discharge    Fan    Direct-connected   to    Buffalo    Engine. 

76 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Center-crank  Engines 

BUFFALO  CENTER-CRANK  ENGINES  are  often  direct-connected  to  three-quarter  housing  fans  or  belted 
to  the  larger  sizes  of  full-housing  pulley  fans.  The  foremost  aim  in  producing  this  design  of  engine  was  to 
secure  a  type  which  would  develop  a  large  amount  of  power  at  high  rotation  but  modern  piston  speed.  With 
the  possibility  of  entirely  inclosed  working  parts,  the  engine  is  thus  particularly  fitted  for  most  efficient  service 
in  the  numerous  trying  situations.  While  some  of  the  engine  features  are  unusual,  no  deviation  is  made  from 
established  laws  in  proportion  and  design  for  the  sake  of  novelty.  Each  detail  is  wrought  with  fitness  to 
perform  its  particular  function,  so  that  when  assembled  the  result  is  a  compact  and  symmetrical  machine. 

As  clearly  shown  by  the  engravings,  the  engine  may  be  built  wholly  or  partially  inclosed,  as  desired. 
The  oiling  devices  are  positive  and  may  be  supplied  in  the  several  forms  illustrated,  or  a  common  oiling 
chamber  with  oil  flowing  over  the  reciprocating  parts  may  be  used.  The  engine  frame  is  rectangular,  wider 
at  the  base  than  at  the  bearings.  In  the  smaller  sizes,  the  cylinders  are  integral  with  the  base,  and  are 
so  arranged  that  the  piston  can  be  readily  removed  by  withdrawing  the  bolts  of  the  cylinder  head  and  lower 
end  of  connecting  rod,  whereby  the  crosshead,  cylinder  head  and  piston  can  be  lifted  out  without  removing 
any  other  part.  The  steam  chest  may  be  easily  examined  when  desired.  The  crosshead  slides  are  so  fitted 
with  shoes  as  to  enable  adjustment  for  wear.  They  have  special  babbitt  metal  gibs  to  prevent  cutting  of 
slides,  and  clamp  joints  for  the  piston  rods,  which  are  bored  tapered  to  receive  the  hardest  wrist  pin.  The 
pistons  are  of  the  snap  ring  pattern,  the  rings  of  which  are  of  special  metal  (permitting  use  for  a  long  time 
without  lubrication).  The  valve  is  of  the  piston  type,  steam  being  admitted  at  center  instead  of  at  the  ends. 
The  rods  have  large  wearing  surfaces,  the  crank  end  is  lined  with  babbitt,  and  the  crosshead  end  has  phosphor 
bronze  boxes  with  wedge  adjustment.  The  crank  end  adjustment  is  similar  to  that  of  the  marine  type; 
the  shaft  is  of  forged  steel,  the  cranks  being  opposite  each  other.  The  eccentric  strap  is  lined  with  genuine 
babbitt,  the  bearings,  which  in  their  ratio  are  large,  are  bolted  to  the  main  housing,  and  lined  with  a  special 
brand  of  babbitt  metal,  also  fitted  with  our  improved  sight  feed  lubricator. 

While  every  portion  is  made  as  compact  as  possible,  yet  the  arrangement  gives  ready  access  to  all  parts 
of  the  engine  without  disturbing  others.  The  stuffing  boxes  are  provided  with  nuts  which  screw  on  to  the 
glands,  and  while  standard  packing  is  employed,  if  so  ordered  and  desired,  approved  metallic  packing  may  be 
substituted.  To  prevent  corrosion,  brass  glands  are  used;  the  valve  rod  is  of  steel,  and  fitted  with  hardened 
pin  and  clamp  joint.  The  steam  chest  head  has  a  phosphor  bronze  bushing  to  form  a  guide  for  the  valve 
rod.  The  eccentric  rod  lias  means  for  adjusting  valve  without  removing  cover.  No  rocker  or  its  substitute  is 
used,  the  object  being  to  reduce  the  engine  details  to  the  fewest  possible  number — a  great  desideratum  in  all 
engines.  A  hand  wheel  on  the  shaft,  that  the  engine  may  be  thrown  off  the  center,  is  provided. 

77 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Center-crank  Engines 


L_ 


THREE-QUARTER  HOUSING  RIGHT-HAND  TOP  HORIZONTAL  FANS,  DIRECT-CONNECTED  TO 
BUFFALO  HORIZONTAL  CENTER-CRANK  ENGINES. 


SIZE  OF 
ENGINE, 
INCHES. 

SIZE  OP 
FAN, 

INCHES. 

A 

B 

0 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

.1 

K 

L 

II 

N 

0 

P 

5x6 

100 

27} 

51* 

37} 

W% 

481 

43f 

30 

46} 

25  \ 

6x6 

110 

30} 

56} 

41 

44J 

53} 

47} 

30 

51} 

28 

6x8 

120 

3l| 

611 

44f 

&%, 

58J 

52i 

50| 

36 

55 

30J 

41 

15 

17} 

9 

12} 

7x8 

130 

35} 

67 

48} 

52} 

63} 

56* 

50| 

36 

60} 

33 

43 

15J 

17} 

9 

12} 

8x8 

140 

38 

72* 

52} 

56% 

68f 

601 

50| 

36 

64} 

35J 

45 

15J 

17} 

9 

12} 

8x10 

150 

40} 

77} 

56 

60f 

73} 

65} 

65 

42 

69} 

37} 

52 

20J 

21} 

12} 

16} 

8x10 

160 

42f 

82f 

59} 

64% 

78i 

69f 

65 

42 

74 

41} 

53 

20J 

21} 

12} 

16} 

9x10 

170 

46 

87} 

63} 

68} 

83 

74 

65 

42 

79} 

43 

55 

20J 

21} 

12} 

16} 

10x10 

180 

48} 

92f 

67} 

72% 

87* 

78f 

65 

48 

84 

45} 

57 

20J 

21} 

12} 

16} 

10x12 

190 

51 

97} 

71 

761 

92} 

82} 

82 

48 

88} 

47} 

64 

22? 

24 

141 

20 

11x12 

200 

53} 

1021 

74} 

80% 

87f 

87-J 

82 

51 

92} 

49f 

66 

22f 

24 

14J 

20 

Dimension  "J"  refers  to  exhausters  only.     Blowers  have  two  inlets  each  with  a  diameter  equal  "J"  in 
the  next  lower  size  exhauster.     Tables  of  capacities,  pages  114  and  115.     All  dimensions  are  in  inches. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo   Center-crank   Engines 


THREE-QUARTER  HOUSING  BOTTOM  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE  FANS,    DIRECT-CONNECTED  TO 
BUFFALO  HORIZONTAL  CENTER-CRANK  ENGINE. 


SIZE  OF 
ENGINE, 
INCHES. 

SIZE  OF 

FAN. 

INCHES. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

P 

Q 

R 

5x6 

100 

67} 

:;;; 

27  J 

46J 

438 

4x; 

48} 

46} 

25* 

37t 

6x6 

110 

74} 

41 

30} 

50} 

47} 

53} 

52 

51  f 

28 

41} 

6x8 

120 

79|   44} 

31? 

55J 

52i 

58f 

50f 

55J 

55 

30J 

41 

15} 

17} 

9 

12} 

45 

36 

7x8 

130 

87    48i 

35  i 

60 

56i 

63J 

50f 

59J 

60} 

33 

43 

15} 

17} 

9    12}   48  J 

36 

8x8 

140 

93}   52} 

38 

i;i; 

60f 

688 

50f 

63} 

64} 

35J 

45 

15} 

17} 

9    12|   52f 

36 

8x  10 

150 

99}   56 

•ID] 

69} 

65} 

73} 

65 

67 

69^ 

37J 

52 

20} 

2H 

12i   16}   568 

40 

8x  10 

160 

105g    59} 

42f 

73} 

ii!i; 

78J 

65 

70J 

74 

41} 

53 

20} 

2li 

12i   16}   60J 

40 

9x  10 

170 

112i   63i 

46 

78J 

74 

83 

65 

74i 

79} 

43 

55   20} 

21i 

12J   16}   63J 

40 

10  x  10 

180 

118}    67} 

48i 

83* 

78| 

87J 

65 

78} 

84 

45} 

57 

20} 

21i 

12} 

16}   67J 

40 

lOx  12 

190 

125    71 

51 

87} 

82} 

92j 

82 

82 

88J 

47} 

64 

22$ 

24 

141   20   718 

52 

11x12 

200 

131}  |  74} 

53J 

92f 

87i 

97| 

82 

85} 

92J 

49} 

66 

22* 

24 

14? 

20 

75J 

52 

These  steam  fans   may   be  supplied   with   various   sizes   of  horizontal  engines,   according  to  the   steam 
pressures  under  which  they  are  to  operate,  therefore  the  engine  dimensions  above  given  are  necessarily  variable. 


79 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fan  with  Buffalo  Horizontal  Side-crank  Engine 


Right-hand  Three-quarter  Housing  Top   Horizontal   Discharge    Fan    Direct-connected   to    Side-crank    Engine. 

80 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steel   Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Horizontal  Side-crank  Engines 


STEEL  PLATE  THREE-FOURTH  HOUSING  TOP  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE  FANS  DIRECT-CONNECTED 

TO  BUFFALO  HORIZONTAL  SIDE-CRANK  ENGINES. 


SIZE  OF 

SIZE  OF 

ENGINE, 

FAN, 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

0 

P 

Q 

R 

WEIGHT 

INCHES. 

INCHES. 

5x6 

100 

27i 

51| 

37} 

40;Y6 

48J 

43f 

«J 

30 

46} 

25} 

49J 

19| 

10 

8i 

16 

37} 

30 

3460 

6x6 

110 

30} 

56} 

41 

44f 

53} 

47} 

45J 

30 

51} 

28 

52f 

19* 

10 

8| 

16 

41 

30 

4320 

6x8 

120 

3lf 

611 

44} 

48% 

58| 

524 

55 

36 

55 

30J 

56| 

21} 

11* 

9 

18} 

44} 

36 

6325 

7x8 

130 

35J 

67 

48} 

52} 

63} 

56} 

55 

36 

60} 

33 

59} 

21} 

11* 

9 

18} 

48} 

36 

7025 

8x8 

140 

38 

72J 

52} 

56% 

68J 

60J 

55 

36 

64} 

35J 

62* 

21} 

11* 

9 

18} 

52} 

36 

8382 

7x  10 

150 

40} 

77} 

56 

60f 

73} 

65} 

65 

42 

69} 

37} 

68} 

25} 

11} 

12 

16 

56 

42 

10456 

8x10 

160 

42f 

824 

59} 

64% 

78i 

69| 

65 

42 

74 

41} 

72} 

25} 

11} 

12 

16 

59} 

42 

11079 

9x  10 

170 

46 

87} 

63} 

68} 

83 

74 

65 

42 

79} 

43 

74 

25} 

11} 

12 

16 

63} 

42 

12331 

lOx  10 

180 

48} 

92f 

67} 

72% 

87J 

78* 

65 

48 

84 

45} 

77} 

25} 

11} 

12 

16 

67} 

48 

13537 

lOx  12 

190 

51 

97} 

71 

76* 

92} 

82} 

81} 

48 

88} 

47} 

84 

29} 

13} 

14 

19 

71 

48 

16900 

11x12 

200 

53} 

102J 

74} 

80% 

97| 

87} 

81} 

51 

92} 

49| 

85J 

29} 

13} 

14 

19 

74} 

51 

18900 

Size  of  engine  is  based  upon  80  pounds  steam  pressure.     All  dimensions  given  in   inches.     Dimension 
"J  "  refers  to  exhausters  only.     Tables  of  capacities'given  on'pages  114  and  115. 


81 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steel  Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Side-crank  Engines 


THREE-QUARTER  HOUSING  BOTTOM  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE  FANS  DIRECT-CONNECTED  TO  BUFFALO 

HORIZONTAL  SIDE-CRANK  ENGINES. 


SIZE  OP 

SIZE  OF 

ENGINE, 

INCHES. 

FAN, 

INCHES. 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

o 

P 

Q 

R 

WEIGHT. 

5x6 

100 

67} 

37} 

274 

46} 

43* 

48* 

45} 

48} 

46} 

254 

49* 

19ft 

10 

8} 

16 

374 

30 

3460 

6x6 

110 

74} 

41 

30} 

50} 

47} 

53} 

45} 

52 

51} 

28 

52ft 

19ft 

10 

8} 

16 

41} 

30 

4320 

6x8 

120 

79ft 

44$ 

31} 

55ft 

52} 

58ft 

55 

55} 

55 

30} 

56ft 

21* 

lift 

9 

18* 

45 

36 

6325 

7x8 

130 

87 

48* 

354 

60 

564 

634 

55 

594 

60} 

33 

594 

21* 

m1 

9 

184 

48* 

36 

7025 

8x8 

140 

93J 

52} 

38 

64ft 

BO* 

68ft 

55 

63} 

64} 

35} 

62  i 

21* 

ill 

9 

184 

52ft 

36 

83S2 

7x10 

150 

99} 

66 

40} 

69} 

65} 

73} 

65 

67 

69* 

37* 

68* 

25* 

11 

12 

16 

56ft 

42 

10-156 

8x10 

160 

105ft 

59} 

42ft 

73* 

69ft 

78} 

65 

70} 

74 

41} 

72} 

25* 

11} 

12 

16 

60} 

42 

11079 

9x10 

170 

1124 

63* 

46 

784 

74 

83 

65 

74* 

79} 

43 

74 

25* 

nf 

12 

16 

63* 

42 

12331 

10x10 

180 

118| 

67} 

484 

83* 

78ft 

87* 

65 

78} 

84 

45} 

77} 

25* 

ii} 

12 

16 

67ft 

42 

13537 

10x12 

190 

125 

71 

51 

87} 

82} 

92} 

81} 

82 

884 

47} 

84 

29} 

13* 

14 

19 

71ft 

48 

16900 

11x12 

200 

134} 

74* 

.-,:{', 

92ft 

XT' 

97ft 

81  J 

85} 

92} 

49ft 

85* 

29} 

134 

14 

19 

75} 

48 

18900 

These  fans  may  be  supplied  with  various  sizes  of  engines,  according  to  the  steam  pressures  under  which 
they  are  to  operate,  therefore  the  engine  dimensions  above  given  are  necessarily  variable.  Size  of  engine 
given  above  is  based  on  eighty  pounds  steam  pressure.  All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 


82 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steel   Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Side-crank  Engines 


THREE-QUARTER  HOUSING  UP  BLAST  DISCHARGE  FANS  DIRECT-CONNECTED  TO  BUFFALO 

HORIZONTAL  SIDE-CRANK  ENGINES. 


SIZE  OF 
ENGINE, 
INCHES. 

SIZE  OF 

FAN, 
INCHES. 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

30 
30 
36 
36 
36 
42 
42 
42 
48 
48 
51 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

o 

P 

Q 

R 

WEIGHT. 

5x6 
6x6 
6x8 
7x8 
8x8 
7x10 
8x10 
9x10 
10x10 
10x12 
11x12 

1(1(1 

110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
160 
170 
180 
190 
200 

51* 

56} 

67 

77} 
821 
874 
92* 

97} 

102; 

464 
50} 
554 
60 
64| 
69} 
731 
784 
834 
87} 

37} 

41 
44} 
484 
52} 
56 
59} 
634 
67} 
71 
74} 

43J 

47} 
524 
564 
60J 
65} 
69f 
74 
78| 
82} 
87} 

454 
454 
55 
55 
55 
65 
65 
65 
65 
81} 
81} 

40% 
44| 
48^ 
524 
56% 
60| 
64% 
68} 
72% 
76J 

274 
30} 

354 
38 
40} 
42f 
46 
484 
51 
534 

46} 
51} 
55 

60} 
64} 
09  i 
74 
79} 
84 
884 
92} 

28 
304 
33 
354 
374 
41} 
43 
45} 
47} 
49f 

49J 
52f 
56f 
594 
624 
68  .\ 
72} 
74 
77} 
84 
851 

19f 
191 
214 

214 

214 

254 
254 
254 
254 
29} 
29} 

10 
10 

"I 

llj 

1  13- 

11} 

11} 
11} 

134 

84 
84 
9 
9 
9 
12 
12 
12 
12 
14 
14 

16 
16 
184 
184 
184 
16 
16 
16 
16 
19 
19 

374 

41} 
45 
481 
52* 

604 

67f 
71f 
754 

851 
90J 
98| 
104| 

1094 

118} 
123} 
120} 
135} 
145} 
1494 

3460 
4320 
6325 
7025 
8382 
10456 
11079 
12331 
13537 
16900 
18900 

Dimension  "J  "  refers  to  exhausters  only.     Blowers   have  two  inlets,  each  with  a  diameter  equal  "J" 
in  the  next  lower  size  exhauster.     Tables  of  capacities  given  on  pages  114  and  115. 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Full  Housing  Steel  Plate  Fan  with  Buffalo  Self-contained  Upright  Engine 


Right-hand  Top  Horizontal  Discharge  Fan  with  Vertical  Cylinder  above  Shaft   Engine. 

84 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Single  Upright  Engines 

The  Buffalo  Single  Upright  Engine  direct-connected  to  the  Steel  Plate  Fan  combines  many  desirable 
features  in  its  construction.  The  first  of  these  fans  and  engines  was  built  for  the  U.  S.  Navy.  Briefly,  the 
requirements  of  that  specification  were  for  a  speed  of  400  revolutions  per  minute  at  160  pounds  steam 
pressure,  and  of  course  the  same  high  grade  standard  with  reference  to  materials  and  workmanship  required 
upon  all  Government  work.  The  outfit  proved  eminently  successful,  and  fulfilled  more  than  was  required  of  it. 

This  type  of  engine  and  fan  has  elsewhere  been  widely  used  for  steam  yachts,  coasting  vessels,  and  in 
fact  every  conceivable  position  where  the  requirements  were  for  high  speed,  and  a  small  compact  arrangement. 
Many  sizes  are  now  built,  the  illustration  on  the  opposite  page  being  a  four  and  one-half  inch  by  a  five-inch 
cylinder.  These  engines  are  built  either  with  closed  frames  and  self-oiling  or  with  open  frames,  ring-oiling 
main  bearing  and  ample  provision  of  sight  feed  oil  cups.  With  a  good  lubricant,  seconded  by  care  in  adjust- 
ment, frictional  losses  may  be  reduced  to  an  almost  impossible  minimum,  ensuring  cool,  smooth  running. 

The  engine  is  of  the  single  double-acting  type,  furnished  with  a  hand  wheel.  The  ram  box  and 
eccentric  rod  are  well  proportioned.  The  whole  outfit  occupies  the  least  possible  space.  Perfect  lubrication  is 
secured  by  large  and  continuous  oilers  at  reciprocating  points.  The  valve  is  of  the  balanced  piston  type. 
These  engines  are  constructed  both  for  high  and  low  pressure,  and  are  especially  designed  with  reference 
to  speed.  There  are  several  tables  of  outline  dimensions  of  our  standard  fans  on  the  accompanying  pages. 
A  close  inspection  of  these  tables  will  show  the  remarkable  similarity  existing  in  the  proportions  of  all  Buffalo 
Steel  Plate  Fans,  and  will  also  give  an  idea  of  the  relatively  small  space  required  for  a  given  fan  output. 
Before  the  introduction  of  this  engine,  and  other  small  engines  herein  described,  all  existing  designs  were 
inordinate  steam  consumers.  Steam  economy  corresponding  closely  to  that  obtained  in  the  highest  grade 
power  plants  is  now  afforded  by  Buffalo  high-speed  engines. 

As  to  general  structural  features,  these  vertical  engines  resemble  somewhat  our  horizontal  type.  The 
frame  cylinder  and  valve  chamber  are  all  cast  in  one  piece  and  the  whole  is  so  designed  as  to  present  a  neat, 
graceful  appearance.  This  construction  does  away  with  a  number  of  joints  and  consequently  reduces  the 
possibility  for  the  engine  to  get  out  of  alignment,  or  become  in  any  way  deranged  from  loose  nuts  and  bolts. 

The  bearings  are  all  arranged  with  the  Buffalo  oil-ring  device  which  has  given  such  efficient  service  in 
all  of  the  Buffalo  Forge  Apparatus.  A  more  perfect  bearing  for  rapidly  rotating  parts  does  not  exist,  the 
oil  being  constantly  carried  to  the  bearing  surface  by  the  oil-ring.  A  glance  at  the  accompanying  illustration 
will  reveal  the  simplicity  and  compactness  of  design  of  this  type  of  engine.  Added  to  the  economy  of  floor 
space  are  the  advantages  of  copious  lubrication,  close  regulation  and  excellent  steam  economy,  thus  ensuring 
efficient  service  under  all  conditions. 

85 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Full  Housing  Fans  with  Cylinder  above  Shaft  Engines 


FULL  HOUSING  TOP  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE  STEEL  PLATE  FAN  DIRECT-CONNECTED  TO  VERTICAL 

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Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Full  Housing  Fans  with  Cylinder  above  Shaft  Engines 


FULL  HOUSING  UP  BLAST  DISCHARGE  STEEL  PLATE  FAN,  DIRECT-CONNECTED  TO  VERTICAL 

CYLINDER  ABOVE  SHAFT  ENGINE. 


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87 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Full    Housing  Fan  with  Self-contained  Upright  Engine 


Left-hand  Bottom  Horizontal  Discharge  Fan  with  Cylinder  Below  Shaft  Engine. 

88 


Buffalo    Mechanical   Draft    Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fans  with  Self-contained  Upright  Engines 

STEEL  PLATE  STEAM  FANS,  as  will  readily  be  seen,  possess  marked  advantages  over  belt-driven  ones, 
inasmuch  as  they  may  be  run  at  any  time,  at  any  speed,  and  independent  of  other  power.  The  volume  and 
pressure  of  air  can  be  changed  instantly,  and  belts  and  pulleys  are  also  avoided.  Under  many  conditions  of 
applications,  the  use  of  pulley  fans  would  involve  intricate  arrangements  in  the  transmission  of  power,  which 
are  entirely  eliminated  by  the  use  of  a  direct-connected  engine.  As  these  machines  are  built  both  as  blowers  and 
exhausters,  together  with  engines  adapted  for  all  conditions,  the  uses  for  which  they  are  employed  are  almost 
unlimited  in  number.  They  have  been  introduced  into  thousands  of  situations  with  pre-eminent  success. 

The  vertical  cylinder  below  shaft  engines  have  their  crosshead  guides  cast  to  a  part  of  the  frame.  The 
guides  are  bored  at  the  same  time  that  the  cylinder  is  bored,  so  that  the  alignment  is  perfect.  The  main  bear- 
ings are  large  and  well  oiled  with  the  Buffalo  ring-oiling  bearings.  The  cylinder  and  valve  chest  are  also  cast 
integral  with  the  frame.  They  are  accurately  bored  to  standard  size,  while  the  parts  are  of  ample  area  and 
are  in  addition  short  and  direct,  to  reduce  the  clearance  to  a  minimum.  The  steam  chest  after  boring  is  fitted 
with  hard  iron  bushings.  Valve  bushings  which  may  be  cut  or  worn  through  long  usage  can  be  readily  replaced. 
The  whole  design  is  such  as  to  afford  absolute  rigidity  and  reliability. 

In  situations  requiring  the. use  of  a  full  housing  steam  fan,  the  single  upright  engine  with  cylinder  below 
the  shaft  is  ordinarily  employed.  Large  fans  for  forced  draft  are  usually  built  three-quarter  housed, 
although  they  may  be  furnished  in  the  full  housing  type  with  upright  engines,  either  of  the  single  or  double 
form.  As  clearly  illustrated  by  the  accompanying  engravings,  our  line  of  upright  engines,  both  single  and 
double,  is  replete  with  designs  suitable  for  all  conditions.  Fans  up  to  and  including  the  loo-inch  size  may  be 
supplied  with  the  direct-connected  Buffalo  double  single-acting  upright  enclosed  engines  running  in  oil,  as  per 
the  engraving  on  page  74,  and  for  dusty  situations,  high  speed  and  continuous  service,  this  form  is  peculiarly 
adapted.  These  engines  direct-connected  to  full  housing  fans  require  and  are  furnished  with  a  handsome  sheet- 
steel  sub-base.  Many  purchasers  of  steam  fans  below  seventy  inches  in  diameter  prefer  engines  with  cylinder 
above  the  shaft,  and  provision  is  made  for  this  in  both  single  and  double  types.  The  original  type  of 
Buffalo  Steam  Fan  with  single-acting  upright  engine  has  been  replaced  with  more  modern  and  efficient  engine 
construction,  and  improvements,  wherever  possible,  will  always  be  made  in  the  output  of  these  works. 
Full  details  of  the  various  designs  will  be  preserved  to  the  end  of  promptly  supplying  repairs. 

In  ordering  a  steam  fan,  or  making  inquiries  as  to  prices,  always  be  sure  to  state  hand,  the  form  of 
discharge  and  style  of  engine  desired,  the  steam  pressure  carried  at  the  boilers,  and  what  work  the  fan  is  intended 
to  perform.  A  drawing,  showing  the  proposed  setting  position  of  the  fan  and  all  other  details,  will  greatly 
facilitate  the  selection  of  the  proper  machine  for  the  work. 

89 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Upright  Cylinder  Below  Shaft  Engine 

Tr 

\!  1 


RIGHT-HAND  BOTTOM  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE  FAN.     UPRIGHT  SELF-CONTAINED  CYLINDER  BELOW 

SHAFT  ENGINE. 
SIZE  OF  ENGINE  BASED  ON   80  POUNDS   STEAM   PRESSURE. 


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All  above  fans  are  furnished  with  Buffalo  Self-contained  Upright  Engines,  and  the  fan  wheels  are  over- 
hung, excepting  in  the  last  six  sizes.  Different  engine  sizes  are  used  for  low  steam  pressures.  In  these  cases, 
the  dimensions  above  will  not  apply,  but  will  be  furnished  upon  application.  Capacities,  pages  114  and  115. 


90 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Upright  Self-contained  Engines 


T 


UPRIGHT   SELF-CONTAINED   CYLINDER   BELOW  SHAFT   ENGINES.     RIGHT-HAND  TOP  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE. 


SIZE  OF 
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All  above  fans  are  furnished  with  Buffalo  Self-contained  Upright  Engines,  and  the  fan  wheels  are  over- 
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pounds.  In  these  cases,  the  dimensions  above  will  not  apply,  but  will  be  furnished  upon  application. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Fans  with  Buffalo  Self-contained  Engines 


Right-hand  Down  Blast  Discharge  Blower,  with  Cylinder  below  Shaft  Engine. 

92 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fans  with   Buffalo  Upright  Self-contained  Engines 

I j — i K — J 


FULL  HOUSING  DOWN  BLAST  DISCHARGE  FANS,  DIRECT-CONNECTED  TO  SINGLE  VERTICAL 

CYLINDER  BELOW  SHAFT  ENGINES. 


SIZE  OF 
ENGINE, 

INCHES. 

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These  steam  fans  may  be   supplied  with   various   sizes  of  horizontal  engines,   according  to   the   steam 
pressures  under  which  they  are  to  operate,  therefore  the  engine  dimensions  above  given  are  necessarily  variable. 


93 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steel  Plate  Fan 


Left-hand  Three-quarter  Housing  Up  Blast   Discharge  Pulley  Fan. 

94 


or  THf 

UNIVERSITY 

or 


-  ^ 

Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steel  Plate  Fans 

BUFFALO  THREE-QUARTER  HOUSING  FANS  are  built  either  right  or  left  hand  in  any  of  the  discharges 
given  for  the  full  housing  fans.  The  more  common  forms,  however,  are  botton  horizontal,  top  horizontal,  and 
up  blast.  The  last,  illustrated  by  the  engraving  on  page  94,  is  often  used  to  exhaust  smoke  and  gases  from 
boiler  fires.  A  top  horizontal  discharge  fan  is  naturally  selected  when  the  sheet  steel  main  breeching  is  run 
overhead,  and  underneath  the  ceiling,  from  which  place  it  passes  through  the  wall  to  a  brick  stack  built  on  the 
outside.  The  up  blast  discharge,  alike  in  three-quarter  housing  and  full  housing  fans,  is  peculiarly  adapted  to 
support  the  short  sheet  steel  stacks  generally  employed  with  induced  draft  plants.  These  fans  are  used  for  the 
same  variety  of  purposes  as  the  full  housing  type.  Extra  heavy  stock  for  the  shells  is  employed,  rigidly  stayed 
and  stiffened  by  heavy  "T"  irons  placed  on  the  sides  of  fans,  which  is  shown  by  the  illustration  on  the 
opposite  page.  Complete  drawings  for  foundations  and  application  are  furnished  with  every  order. 

Buffalo  Three-quarter  Housing  Steel  Plate  Fans  are  furnished  with  both  side-crank  and  center-crank 
horizontal  engines,  as  may  be  purchased,  there  being  some  difference  in  the  cost.  Attention  is  also  further 
directed  to  the  very  compact  and  desirable  arrangement  afforded  by  the  Buffalo  Single  Upright  Engines,  when 
direct-connected  to  a  three-quarter  housing  fan.  The  cylinder  being  above  the  shaft,  and  the  total  height 
of  the  engine  seldom  exceeding  the  height  of  the  shell,  both  the  floor  and  head  space  are  reduced  to  a  minimum. 
A  sub-base  is  not  often  required  and  no  governor  or  fly-wheels  are  used  on  direct-connected  fans  and  engines. 
Double  Single-acting  Engines,  likewise  equipped,  are  often  used  for  small  three-quarter  housing  fans. 

In  preference  to  a  single  fan,  two  Buffalo  fans  of  equal  capacity  are  often  employed.  Less  vertical 
space  is  consumed,  and  as  the  fans  when  used  for  mechanical  draft  are  commonly  placed  on  a  platform, 
the  adopting  of  the  double  arrangement  is  often  the  only  method  of  obtaining  the  required  volume  without 
building  a  special  house  for  the  apparatus,  which  would  materially  increase  the  installation  cost.  Two  or 
more  fans  may  be  employed  in  connection  with  a  common  smokestack.  In  ordering  or  making  inquiries 
about  three-quarter  housing  steel  plate  fans,  full  details  of  the  requirements  should  be  given  together 
with  dimensions  of  the  space  available. 

This  house  also  builds  a  line  of  blowers,  in  general  appearance  and  dimensions  similar  to  those  in  the 
tables  for  the  regular  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fans,  but  especially  adapted  for  the  various  lines  of  iron  and  steel 
manufacture  which  require  a  larger  volume  of  air  than  can  be  secured  by  the  largest  Buffalo  "B"  Volume 
Blowers,  and  at  nearly  as  great  a  pressure  as  these  fans  are  capable  of  furnishing.  To  meet  the  requirements 
of  these  conditions  and  to  equal  the  high  standard  of  durability  and  quiet  running  of  all  Buffalo  blowers,  extra 
heavy  steel  plate  is  selected,  with  shafts,  wheels  and  foundation  frames  of  increased  stiffness  and  rigidity. 
Attention  is  called  to  an  illustration  of  such  a  fan  on  page  92. 

95 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steel  Plate  Blowers  and  Exhausters 


Tfl 
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INSIDE; 


P 


T 


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WITH  OVERHUNG  PULLEYS.     RIGHT-HAND  BOTTOM  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE. 


SIZE  IN 

INCHES. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

P 

Q 

R 

s 

T 

190 

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51 

87} 

71 

82} 

125 

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1751 

5 

47} 

621 

82} 

83J 

881 

531 

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14 

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200 

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871 

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87J 

921 

551 

31 

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15 

36 

210 

153 

56 

97 

781 

914 

137J 

102i 

194 

51 

51 

691 

911 

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220 

1601 

58J 

1014 

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107f 

203} 

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95J 

1001 

331 

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40 

230 

167} 

61 

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86 

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150 

112} 

2121 

6 

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147 

42 

240 

174f 

631 

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1171 

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1811 

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122 

231 

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101 

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122J 

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76 

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268 

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300 

2171 

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81 

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Dimension  "O"  refers  to  exhausters  only.  Blowers  have  two  inlets,  each  with  a  diameter  equal  "O" 
in  the  next  lower  size  exhauster.  A  uniform  ratio  of  proportions,  dimensions  and  capacities  exists  throughout 
all  sizes  of  Buffalo  fans.  All  dimensions  given  in  inches.  Tables  of  capacities,  pages  114  and  115. 


Buffalo   Mechanical-  Draft   Apparatus. 

Three-quarter  Housing  Steel  Plate  Blowers  and  Exhausters 


THREE-QUARTER  HOUSING  TYPE  WITH  OVERHUNG  PULLEY.     RIGHT-HAND  TOP  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE. 


SI7.RIN 
lN<  HFV 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

WEIGHT 

50 

184 

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244 

214 

18 

15$ 

26 

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144 

17$ 

184 

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4 

9 

520 

60 

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293 

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194 

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647 

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The  three-quarter  housing  pulley  fans  may  be  furnished  right  or  left  hand,  of  any  desired  discharge,  or 
to  discharge  in  two  or  more  directions.  Dimension  "H"  in  above  table  refers  to  exhausters  only.  Blowers 
have  two  inlets,  each  with  a  diameter  equal  "H"  in  the  next  lower  size  of  exhauster. 


97 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

F.ull  Housing  Steel  Plate   Pulley  Fan 


Left-hand  Top  Horizontal  Discharge  Pulley  Fan. 

98 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Standard  Full   Housing  Steel   Plate   Pulley  Fans 

BUFFALO  STEEL  PLATE  FANS  'are  primarily  designed  to  deliver  a  maximum  amount  of  air  with  a 
minimum  expenditure  of  power.  Upon  the  design  of  scroll  of  the  housing,  and  the  relative  proportion  of 
the  blast  wheel,  together  with  its  form,  depends,  not  only  the  amount  of  air  per  horse  power  a  steel  plate  fan 
is  capable  of  delivering,  but  its  quietness  of  operation.  Inlets  and  outlets  of  a  fan  play  a  most  important 
part  in  the  question  of  economy  of  power.  It  will  readily  be  seen,  therefore,  that  it  is  a  matter  of  vital 
importance  that  these  details  be  perfectly  in  proportion.  Whenever  the  inlets  or  outlets  of  a  fan  are  mis- 
proportioned,  i.  <?.,  considering  the  work  the  fan  is  to  perform,  much  of  the  power  applied  is  wasted. 

The  standard  of  proportions  of  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fans  has  been  adopted  as  the  outcome  of  a  series  of 
experiments  extending  over  a  number  of  years,  with  machines  in  actual  use.  The  results  secured  warrant 
the  assertion  that  better  proportions  do  not  exist.  It  is  evident,  from  the  work  performed  and  power 
consumed,  that  such  exhaustive  experiments  and  tests  with  component  parts  of  different  proportions  have 
never  before  been  so  systematically  conducted.  In  every  size  of  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fans  correct  record  of 
the  indicated  and  actual  power  consumed  under  all  speeds  and  variations  of  atmospheric  conditions  are 
preserved  and  the  proper  proportions  of  each  component  part  have  been  brought  down  to  the  finest  point. 
Every  fan  is  thoroughly  tested  before  leaving  our  works  and  found  to  equal  the  best  results  ever  secured 
from  an  equal  size,  both  as  to  capacity,  power  consumed  and  quiet  running. 

Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fans  are  built  of  homogeneous  patent  leveled  and  rolled  steel  sheets,  free  from  buckles 
and  of  the  greatest  stiffness.  Portions  of  the  shell  are  riveted  to  angle  irons  and  bolted  together.  Scrutiny 
of  the  several  illustrations  of  steam  and  pulley  fans  appearing  throughout  the  catalogue  will  result  in  a  clear 
idea  of  the  forms  adopted  for  rigidly  staying  the  fan  cases,  in  the  different  sizes  and  designs  for  various 
work,  so  that  they  will  run  without  vibration.  Base  angle  iron  foundation  frames  are  supplied,  all  portions 
being  strongly  braced.  The  inlet  rings  are  of  cast  iron.  The  bearing  brackets  are  bolted  to  heavy  steel  angle 
irons.  The  bearings  are  swiveled  to  prevent  springing  of  the  shaft  when  the  machine  is  bolted  to  a  defective 
foundation;  they  are  equipped  with  same  oiling  devices  as  illustrated  on  page  106,  have  large  wearing  surfaces, 
and  are  lined  with  genuine  babbitt.  The  shafts  are  of  cold  rolled  steel,  of  large  diameter.  The  wheels 
are  of  the  same  material  and  workmanship  as  the  celebrated  Buffalo  Steel  Pressure  Blower  Blast  Wheels, 
though  the  design  of  the  steel  plate  fan  wheel  is  different,  being  much  narrower  at  the  periphery. 

These  fans  are  regularly  built  both  right  or  left  hand,  and  to  deliver  air  in  any  of  the  following  forms: 
Bottom  horizontal,  top  horizontal,  up  blast  and  down  blast.  They  may  be  readily  furnished  in  all  sizes  to 
discharge  in  any  one  or  two  angles,  to  suit  all  conditions  of  application.  A  very  simple  solution  to  an 
otherwise  difficult  problem  is  often  found  by  using  a  special  double  discharge  fan. 

99 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel  Plate  Blowers  and  Exhausters 


WITH  OVERHUNG  PULLEYS.     RIGHT-HAND  TOP  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE. 


SIZE  IN 
INCHES. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

£ 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

WEIGHT 

30 

111 

nj 

14} 

11J 

12} 

14i 

15} 

14J 

101 

iii 

UJ 

15} 

3 

7 

242 

35 

134 

13J 

17% 

13J 

14% 

16% 

18% 

17 

111 

18j 

134 

174 

3 

7 

300 

40 

15 

15% 

19f 

15% 

17J 

194 

20| 

19 

12J 

14| 

15 

19 

3 

8 

399 

45 

161 

18 

22% 

18 

19% 

21% 

23% 

21f 

13f 

164 

16} 

20} 

3 

8 

526 

50 

184 

20 

244 

20 

2l| 

23i 

26 

24} 

144 

17| 

184 

22} 

4 

9 

654 

55 

19} 

22 

26% 

22 

23% 

26| 

28% 

26* 

15J 

ISi 

19} 

24 

4 

9 

734 

60 

22} 

24% 

29f 

24% 

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28 

3H 

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194 

22} 

264 

5 

10 

814 

70 

26 

28J 

34} 

28J 

30} 

37} 

36} 

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19} 

22 

26 

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5 

11 

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6 

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90 

334 

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44 

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334 

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6 

14 

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100 

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7 

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110 

41 

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51 

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28 

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41 

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7 

18 

3204 

120 

44} 

48% 

68* 

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8 

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61 

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33 

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8 

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9 

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150 

56 

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421 

56 

64J 

10 

26 

7556 

Dimension  "  H  "  refers  to  exhausters.     Blowers  have  two  inlets  of  equal  area.     A  uniform  ratio  of  pro- 
portions, dimensions  and  capacities  exists  throughout  all  sizes.     See  tables  of  capacities  pages  114  and  115. 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft    Apparatus 

Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Pulley  Fans 

\ — * — f c >| 


-1 

RIGHT-HAND  BOTTOM  HORIZONTAL  DISCHARGE  WITH  OVERHUNG  PULLEY. 


SIZF;  IN 
INCHES. 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

WEIGHT 

30 

Hi 

12} 

14} 

lit 

15} 

16} 

13} 

141 

if.  lot 

Hi 

' 

Hi 

15} 

3 

7 

242 

35 

134 

14% 

13J 

18% 

18% 

16% 

17 

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131 

• 

134 

174 

3 

7 

300 

40 

15 

174 

194* 

15% 

20J 

21f    184 

19 

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r 

144 

15 

19 

3 

8 

399 

45 

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22% 

18 

23% 

24%   20% 

214. 

181 

15; 

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16} 

20} 

3 

8 

526 

50 
55 

19} 

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23% 

244 
26% 

20 
22 

26 

28% 

27 

29% 

23 

25% 

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26J 

144 

18. 

184 
19} 

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4 
4 

9 
9 

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5 

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44 

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140 

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56 

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10 

26 

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Dimension    "H"   refers   to   exhausters   only.      Blowers   have   two   inlets,    each    with   a    diameter    equal 
"H"  in  the  next  lower  size  exhauster.     Tables  of  capacities,  pages   114  and   115. 


101 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Fans,  less  than  Eight  Inches  in  Diameter,  with  Overhung   Blast  Wheels 


Left-hand  Top  Horizontal   Discharge  Pulley  Fan. 


Right-hand  Up  Blast  Discharge  Pulley  Fan. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Pulley  Fans 

The  engraving  on  the  opposite  page  illustrates  the  type  selected  for  all  work  where  a  pulley  fan  less  than 
eighty  inches  in  diameter,  or  one  with  an  overhung  wheel,  is  required.  This  style  of  fan  is  applied  for  a 
multitude  of  uses,  such  as  blowing  boiler  fires,  any  work  requiring  comparatively  large  capacities  of  air 
at  quite  high  pressures,  and  for  handling  hot  air  and  gases.  The  construction  throughout  is  very  heavy 
and  substantial.  For  the  latter  use,  water-cooling  boxes  are  provided  where  desired  and  so  ordered.  The 
wheel  being  overhung  upon  the  shaft,  leaves  the  inlet  entirely  unobstructed,  and  the  water-cooling  boxes 
prevent  heating  of  the  journals.  These  fans,  while  regularly  built  as  exhausters,  may  also  be  furnished  with 
two  inlets  or  as  a  blower.  Right  or  left-hand  fans  with  any  angle  of  discharge  may  be  obtained. 

While  the  same  general  outside  appearance  as  the  planing-mill  exhausters  the  wheels  are  constructed 
differently,  being  especially  designed  to  handle  large  volumes  of  air  with  a  minimum  power  expenditure.  The 
boxes  are  adjustable  and  rigidly  supported,  and  are  of  the  well-known  Buffalo  patented  oil-ring  type. 

Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Pulley  Fans  with  overhung  wheels  are  also  built  in  the  duplex  types,  i.  e.,  two  fans 
driven  by  a  single  pulley  between,  where  especially  fitted  to  a  given  duty.  This  double  construction  results 
in  no  gain  of  pressure  over  the  single  type,  its  chief  merits  residing  in  its  smaller  vertical  dimension.  The 
external  dimensions  of  both  the  single  and  double  exhausters  are  practically  the  same  as  those  given  in  the 
table  for  the  steel  plate  fans,  and  these  are  sufficiently  close  for  approximate  estimates  of  space  required. 
Fans  with  overhung  wheels  in  all  sizes  less  than  80  inches  are  built  as  shown  on  the  opposite  page.  Larger 
sizes  are  constructed  as  shown  on  page  104.  Sizes  larger  than  those  given  in  the  table  can  be  built  to  order 
if  desired.  Drawings  of  dimensions  in  detail  will  be  supplied  upon  request  of  prospective  customer. 

The  prime  feature  of  the  design  of  these  exhausters,  upon  which  letters  patent  have  been  obtained,  is 
the  ability  to  change  the  discharge  of  the  machine  by  merely  unloosening  the  bolts  securing  the  case  to  the 
standard.  The  shell  may  then  be  turned  to  the  desired  discharge  and  again  fastened  to  the  standard.  A 
right-hand  bottom  horizontal  discharge,  as  shown  by  the  engraving,  changed  to  a  top  horizontal,  would  then 
become  a  left-hand  machine.  Both  the  single  and  double  fans  are  built  in  the  usual  variety  of  discharges, 
which  should  be  specified  in  ordering.  The  single  exhausters  are  furnished  either  right  or  left  hand. 

In  the  majority  of  applications  of  large  steel  plate  fans  for  any  service,  considerable  can  be  gained  in 
convenience  of  arrangement  and  economy  of  operation  by  building  full-housing  fans  of  the  three-quarter 
housing  type  with  special  angular  discharges.  While  it  is  not  wise  to  depart  from  our  standard  fan  construc- 
tion, it  is  in  many  cases  more  convenient  and  more  economical  to  employ  a  special  angular  discharge  fan, 
and  in  some  instances  it  is  the  only  solution  to  the  problem.  These  special  discharge  fans  are  arranged 
for  driving  by  belt  and  pulley  or  with  direct-connected  steam  engines. 

103 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Fan,  over  Eighty  Inches  in  Diameter,  with  Overhung  Blast  Wheel 


Left-hand  Up   Blast  Discharge  Steel  Plate  Pulley  Fan. 


104 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Full-Housing  Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Blowers  and  Exhausters 


RIGHT-HAND  UP  BLAST  DISCHARGE  PULLEY  FANS  WITH  OVERHUNG  BLAST  WHEELS. 


SIZE  IN 
INCHES. 

A 

B 

G 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O     P 

PULLEY 

FACE 

DIAM. 

30 

'iH 

12} 

14} 

13} 

15} 

HJ 

15} 

14J   14} 

10} 

12 

6} 

8} 

12    23} 

3 

6 

35 

134 

14% 

17% 

16% 

18J 

131 

18% 

17   171 

121 

13} 

71 

101 

14    274 

3 

7 

40 

15 

174 

194 

181 

22 

15% 

201 

19   18% 

14 

15} 

Sf 

HI 

151 

30 

3 

8 

45 

161 

wk 

22% 

20% 

24} 

18 

23% 

21f   20f 

15J 

17i 

9} 

12 

16} 

321 

4 

9 

50 

18* 

214 

24J 

23 

27 

20 

26 

24}   22i 

18 

!!)•< 

lOJ 

131 

18 

351 

4 

10 

55 

19f 

23% 

26% 

25% 

29 

22 

28% 

261   241 

19 

21} 

Hi 

14i   19} 

381 

5 

11 

60 

2l>'f 

251 

294 

274 

30J 

24% 

314 

261 

261 

21} 

24 

121 

151 

204 

40J 

6 

114 

70 

26 

30} 

34} 

32} 

37} 

281 

36} 

341 

27f 

22 

28 

14} 

161 

23 

451 

7 

12 

80 

29| 

344 

39J 

36| 

431 

32% 

41f 

39J 

29i 

25 

28 

161 

18 

23 

47 

8 

14 

90 

334 

39 

44 

414 

484 

36} 

464 

43} 

311 

27 

28 

18} 

191 

23 

481 

9 

16 

100 

37} 

43| 

481 

461 

531 

40% 

51| 

46} 

39} 

28i 

26 

20J 

24} 

30 

59} 

10 

18 

110 

41 

47} 

53} 

50} 

59} 

441 

56} 

51} 

411 

31    26 

22f 

261   30 

621 

12 

20 

120 

44} 

52J 

684 

551 

641 

48% 

611 

55 

43 

33    26 

24} 

28    30 

624 

14 

22 

130 

484 

56* 

631 

60 

70 

52A 

67 

60} 

45 

37 

26 

261 

30    30 

661 

16 

24 

Dimension  "H"  refers  to  exhausters  only.     Blowers   have   two   inlets,  each  with  a  diameter   equal  "H" 
in  the  next   lower  size  of  exhauster.     All  dimensions  are  given  in  inches.     Capacities  on  pages  114  and   115. 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Chain-ring  Self-oiling  Bearings 


Cross  Section  through  Bearing,  showing  the  Oil  Chamber,  Chain-ring  and  end  of  Shaft. 


Sectional  View  of  Chain-ring  Oiling  Bearing,  showing  the  Shaft,  Babbitt  Lining,  Chain-ring  and  Oil  Chamber. 

1 06 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Steel   Plate  Fan  Wheels  and  Chain-ring  Bearings 

BUFFALO  CHAIN-RING  BEARING  is  so  well  illustrated  on  the  accompanying  page,  that  a  description  of  it  is 
hardly  necessary.  This  style  of  bearing  has  been  employed  upon  all  of  the  Buffalo  Forge  Company's  apparatus, 
and  has  always  given  efficient  service  and  entire  satisfaction.  In  fact,  purchasers  often  emphasize  in  their 
specifications  that  they  want  the  genuine  Buffalo  Ring  Bearings.  In  shaft  bearings  of  considerable  diameter 
the  chain  is  more  often  used  than  the  ring.  It  has  been  found  by  experience  and  tests  that  for  larger  diameter 
of  shaft  the  chain  hugs  the  shaft  and  gives  slightly  better  distribution  of  oil  than  the  ring. 

As  will  be  readily  appreciated,  a  more  positive  or  perfect  bearing  for  rapidly  rotating  parts  does  not 
exist.  It  has  been  employed  upon  all  of  our  high  speed  engines,  and  where  these  have  been  installed  in  marine 
service  where  continuous  operation  at  high  speed  was  a  necessary  feature,  the  bearings  have  always  stood  the 
test,  and  have  never  given  trouble  with  overheating.  The  device  is  entirely  automatic  in  action,  the  oil  being 
constantly  carried  around  the  shaft  by  the  ring,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  cut;  it  is  thus  impossible 
for  the  bearings  to  be  without  lubrication  while  there  is  oil  in  the  chamber.  The  oil  is  brought  up  upon  the 
shaft  by  the  action  of  the  chain  or  ring,  and  runs  along  a  slight  groove  cut  in  the  babbitt  bearing.  It  will  be 
seen  from  the  illustrations  that  arrangements  are  made  for  collecting  any  oil  that  may  tend  to  work  out  of  the 
bearing  and  return  it  to  the  oil  chamber.  This  design  makes  a  most  efficient  and  economical  oiling  device. 
The  ring  operates  perfectly  quiet  until  the  oil  becomes  low.  When  any  noise  is  heard  it  may  be  taken  as  a 
signal  for  refilling.  The  bearings  will  run  without  injury  for  some  time  after  the  signal  for  refilling  is  noticed. 

BUFFALO  STEEL  PLATE  BLAST  WHEELS  are  illustrated  on  pages  108  and  109.  Standard  and  Special 
Buffalo  blast  wheels  are  shown.  Standard  wheels  have  three  forms  of  spiders,  viz.,  single,  double  and  triple 
spiders  according  to  their  diameter.  These  wheels  are  employed  where  it  is  desired  to  handle  a  large  volume 
of  air  or  gas  at  a  moderate  velocity,  as  a  rule  not  exceeding  one  to  one  and  a  half  ounces  per  square  inch. 

In  mechanical  draft  installations  a  special  'design  of  spider  is  often  necessary.  Sometimes  the  fan 
wheels  are  overhung  from  the  engine  bearing,  and  if  the  wheel  be  of  considerable  size  the  spider  is  offset  so 
as  to  bring  the  hub  nearer  to  the  supporting  bearing.  The  spider  of  standard  fan  wheels  are  constructed  of 
heavy  angle  irons  cast  into  a  cast-iron  hub.  It  is  a  rigid  and  splendid  construction.  Instead  of  using  tee- 
irons  in  the  spider  construction  of  the  special  wheels,  the  design  now  followed,  especially  in  the  smaller  special 
wheels,  is  to  make  the  spider  direct  from  the  vane.  The  steel  plate  from  which  the  vane  is  to  be  made  is 
folded  and  bent  in  such  a  manner  that  a  very  strong  and  neat -looking  backbone  is  formed.  This  crease  or 
backbone  is  properly  riveted  and  the  hub  is  so  constructed  that  the  spider  fits  neatly  into  it.  The  hub  and 
vane  are  then  securely  fastened  together  with  rivets,  and  the  whole  wheel  when  finished  presents  a  very  neat 
appearance  and  is  substantial  and  efficient. 

107 


Buffalo  Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fan  Wheels 


Buffalo  Standard  Three  Spider  Wheel. 


Buffalo  Standard  Two  Spider  Wheel. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Fan  Wheels 


Buffalo  Standard  Single  Spider  Wheel. 


Buffalo  Special  Single  Spider  Wheel. 
109 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Effect  of  Resistance  Upon  Capacity.     Plate  VII 


120 
110 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 

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) 

10 

20 

30 

40             50            60             70             80            90            100            110            120           130           140           150           160           17( 
PERCENT  OF  CAPACITY  AT  MAXIMUM  EFFICIENCY. 

Copyright  looi  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Forge  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Performance  of  Steel  Plate  Exhausters 

THE  ACTUAL  PERFORMANCE  of  a  steel  plate  exhauster  or  other  centrifugal  fan,  having  a  given  rated  capacity, 
is  dependent  first  upon  the  temperature  or  density  of  the  air  or  gases  handled,  and  second,  and  more  par- 
ticularly, upon  the  conditions  or  resistance  against  which  it  must  operate.  At  free  delivery,  the  fan  will  give 
its  maximum  capacity,  since  the  resistance  against  which  it  works  is  zero  and  the  velocity  pressure  is  low. 
As  the  resistance  against  which  the  fan  is  to  operate,  such  as  friction  of  air  piping  and  heater  coils  or  (in 
mechanical  draft)  the  friction  of  the  air  through  the  bed  of  fuel,  is  increased,  we  find  the  capacity  is  like- 
wise decreased,  while  the  pressure  and  also  the  efficiency  of  the  fan  increase  rapidly  up  to  the  point 
maximum  efficiency.  From  this  point  the  capacity  decreases  more  rapidly  than  the  pressure  increases  until 
we  have  reached  a  maximum  pressure  when  the  fan  has  ceased  to  discharge.  Although  the  conditions  under 
which  a  fan  is  required  to  operate  are  exceedingly  varied,  making  it  impossible  to  give  any  general  rule 
or  formula  for  determining  size  and  speed  of  fan,  yet  where  the  conditions  are  known,  it  is  always  possible 
to  select  a  fan  of  such  size,  which,  when  run  at  the  proper  peripheral  speed,  will  give  the  desired  capacity 
and  pressure  with  a  minimum  amount  of  power,  that  is,  a  maximum  efficiency  of  operation. 

The  importance  of  adapting  the  size  and  speed  of  the  fan  to  the  best  working  conditions  appeals  most 
clearly  and  forcibly  to  the  engineer  and  purchaser,  when  it  is  understood  that  the  power  consumed  by  a 
fan  increases  in  proportion  to  the  cube  of  the  speed,  and  that  there  is  a  great  loss  in  efficiency  in  running 
a  fan  at  either  above  or  below  its  rated  capacity.  It  is  ever  the  aim  of  our  engineering  department  to 
secure  for  our  clients  the  best  results  by  a  careful  adaptation  of  our  apparatus  to  working  conditions. 

The  curves  on  page  no,  show  the  effect  of  resistance  upon  the  capacity.  The  curve  marked  "Resist- 
ance Head"  shows  the  static  pressure  or  resistance  against  which  the  fan  is  working.  The  curve  marked 
''Total  Pressure"  shows  the  total  dynamic  pressure  and  is  equivalent  to  the  static  pressure  plus  the  pressure 
corresponding  to  velocity.  The  horizontal  spaces  represent  the  performance  of  the  fan  at  any  peripheral 
speed,  i.  e.,  its  capacity  under  the  given  conditions  relative  to  its  rated  capacity  as  given  in  tables  on  pages 
1 1 5  at  the  corresponding  peripheral  speed.  The  vertical  spaces  represent  the  pressures  or  heads  produced 
under  these  conditions  in  per  cent,  of  the  pressure  which  should  be  secured  at  maximum  efficiency,  or  rated 
pressure  at  that  peripheral  speed  according  to  tables  on  page  115.  For  example,  suppose  that  a  fan  run- 
ning at  a  certain  peripheral  speed  is  delivering  120%  of  its  rated  capacity  at  that  speed;  on  curve  marked 
"Total  Pressure,"  we  find  the  corresponding  pressure  to  be  8iJ^%  of  the  rated  pressure  at  that  speed,  and 
the  resistance  which  the  fan  is  overcoming  is  only  45%  of  the  total  pressure  which  should  be  secured  at 
maximum  efficiency.  Under-these  conditions  the  fan  consumes  2.22  times  as  much  power  per  cubic  foot  of  air 
delivered  as  would  a  fan  properly  proportioned  for  that  pressure  and  volume. 


12000 


11000 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Performance  of  Steel  Plate  Exhausters.      Plate  VIII 

3.00    2.80    2.60    2.40    2.20    2.00    1.80    1.60    1.40    1.20    1.00     .SO     .60     ,40     .20 


2.40 


2.20 


2.00 


1000 


2000          3000          4000          5000          6000 
PERIPHERAL  SPEED, 

Copyright  iqoj  in  U.  S.  and  United  Kingdom  by  Buffalo  Force  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

112 


7000 


8000 


Buffalo   Mechanical    Draft    Apparatus 

Performance  of  Steel   Plate  Exhausters 

The  curves  on  page  112  are  designed  to  show  performance  of  any  steel  plate  exhauster,  relative  to  capac- 
ity and  pressure  at  any  peripheral  speed,  both  at  free  delivery  and  when  operated  under  conditions  of 
maximum  efficiency.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  capacity  is  directly  proportional  to  the  peripheral  speed, 
which  is  the  velocity  of  the  outer  rim  of  the  blast  wheel  and  is  expressed  in  feet  per  minute.  Further, 
it  may  be  seen  that  while  the  capacity  at  free  delivery  is  somewhat  greater  than  the  capacity  at  maximum 
efficiency,  the  pressure  at  maximum  efficiency  is  approximately  double  the  pressure  at  free  delivery.  The 
curve  exhibiting  the  free  delivery  pressure  at  65°  Fahr.  also  represent  the  pressure  maintained  for  any 
peripheral  speed  at  maximum  efficiency  at  525°  F.  or  at  approximately  the  temperature  of  boiler  flue  gases. 
The  line  marked  "Inches  Water  Gauge"  serves  to  convert  pressure  expressed  in  inches  by  the  water  gauge  to 
ounces  pressure  and  conversant.  As  an  illustration  of  the  use  of  these  curves,  let  it  be  required  to  determine 
what  the  peripheral  speed  of  the  fan  must  be  in  order  to  give  1.5  inches  water  gauge,  first  using  air  at 
65°  F.,  and  second,  flue  gases  at  approximately  525°  F.  We  find  on  the  line  marked  inches — water  gauge, 
corresponding  to  1.5  in  the  column  at  the  top  of  the  page,  a  corresponding  pressure  .86  ounce.  The  corre- 
sponding point  on  the  pressure  point  of  maximum  efficiency  at  65°  shows  a  peripheral  speed  of  4,700,  and 
the  capacity  at  maximum  efficiency  corresponding  to  this  peripheral  speed  is  4,900  cubic  feet  of  air  per 
minute  multiplied  by  a  constant  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  fan.  If  this  pressure  is  desired  in  induced 
draft,  we  find  that  a  peripheral  speed  of  6,400  on  the  curve  pressure  at  maximum  efficiency  at  525°  F. 
corresponds  approximately  to  .86  ounce  pressure  or  1.5  inches  water  gauge  and  the  capacity  per  square  feet 
of  blast  is  6,600  cubic  feet  air  per  minute. 

GREAT  ECONOMY  OF  POWER  exists  in  moving  a  stated  volume  of  air  at  a  low  velocity  by  a  large  fan  as 
compared  with  the  movement  of  the  same  quantity  at  a  higher  pressure  by  a  smaller  fan.  A  number  of  uses 
to  which  blowers  are  now  applied  with  marked  success  require  a  large  quantity  of  air  at  a  comparatively  high 
pressure.  To  accomplish  the  same  work  with  one  blower,  we  build  a  line  of  special  fans.  The  dimensions 
and  proportions  are  so  varied  as  to  fit  them  to  a  nicety  for  a  given  service.  Where  a  heavy  pressure  of 
blast  is  called  for,  the  fans  are  built  with  a  much  narrower  wheel  and  with  proportionately  larger  diameter. 

In  ordering  steel  plate  fans,  invariably  state  whether  blowers  or  exhausters  are  desired,  and  the  hand  and 
discharge  required.  The  hand  of  a  fan  is  determined  by  the  pulley  being  on  the  right  or  left  side  of  the  machine, 
standing  looking  into  the  outlet.  Several  forms  of  discharge  are  clearly  shown  by  the  various  engravings. 

GUARANTEE. — Buffalo  Steel  Plate  Blowers  and  Exhausters  are  guaranteed  to  be  built  of  the  best  material 
and  workmanship,  in  a  thoroughly  workmanlike  manner,  to  run  with  minimum  power,  to  be  most  durable,  to 
be  so  proportioned  as  to  give  the  greatest  suction  and  expulsive  force  obtainable. 

113 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Capacity  of  Steel  Plate   Fans  with  Free  Inlet  and  Outlet 

SPEED   OF  FANS  AND  VOLUME    OF   AIR  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  MINUTE  AT  50°  F.  DISCHARGED  INTO  ATMOSPHERE 
WITH  FREE  INLET  AND  OUTLET  AT  VARIOUS  PRESSURES  IN  OUNCES  PER  SQUARE  INCH. 


SIZE 

IN 

INCHES. 

K  Oz.  PEES. 
2585  VEL. 

X  Oz.  PRES. 
3653  VEL. 

Yt  Oz.  PRES. 
4472  VEL. 

1  <)/,.   I'llKS. 

5161  VEL. 

1!~  07..  I'llKS. 

6315  VKL. 

2  Oz.  PRES. 
7284  VEL. 

I!KV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

30 

448 

1570 

634 

2220 

775 

2720 

896 

3140 

1096 

3840 

1264 

4440 

35 

387 

2130 

548 

3020 

671 

3700 

775 

4260 

947 

5210    KI'.H 

6010 

40 

341 

2800 

481 

3950 

589 

4830 

686 

5630 

833 

6830     960 

7870 

45 

301 

3440 

430 

4900 

526 

6000 

607 

6930 

743      8480     957 

<»SS() 

50 

276 

4030 

388 

5670 

475 

6940 

548      8000 

671      9800     774 

11300 

55 

251 

4970 

355 

7040 

434 

8600 

502      9940 

613     12100     708 

11000 

60 

230 

6310 

325 

8900 

398     10900 

459 

12600 

561 

15400     650 

17800 

70 

197 

8540 

280 

12100 

342 

14800 

394 

17100 

482 

20900     557 

24200 

80 

173 

10900 

245 

15400 

300 

18800 

346 

21700 

423     26600     488 

30600 

90 

154 

13800 

218 

19500 

267     23800 

308     27500 

381     34000     435 

38800 

100 

139 

17700 

197 

25000 

240     30500 

278     35400 

340     43200     392 

50000 

110 

127 

21100 

179 

29700 

219     36400 

254     41800 

309 

51400     357 

59300 

120 

116 

25700 

164 

36300 

201     44500 

232     51400 

284 

62800     328    72500 

130 

107 

29700 

152 

42100 

186 

51600 

214 

59300 

262 

72400     302 

83800 

140 

100 

38400 

141 

49200 

173 

60400 

199 

69500 

244 

85200     282 

88500 

150 

94 

40200 

132 

56500 

162 

69400 

186 

79700 

228 

97700     263 

112500 

160 

88 

46200 

124 

65100 

151 

79400 

174 

91400 

214 

112000     247 

130000 

170 

82 

50900     116 

72000     142 

88200 

164 

102000 

201 

125000     232 

111(11  10 

180 

78 

58600 

110 

82800     135 

101500 

155 

116500 

190 

143000 

220 

165000 

190 

74 

66200 

104 

93100     128 

114500 

148 

132500 

180 

161000 

208 

isiiooo 

200 

70 

74200 

99 

150000 

121 

128000 

140 

148500 

171 

181000 

198 

210000 

210 

67 

82330 

94 

115360 

115 

142430 

133 

164370 

163 

201130 

188 

231090 

220 

64 

91740 

90 

129640 

110 

158710 

127 

183160 

156 

224120 

180 

258510 

230 

61 

100800 

86 

143780 

105 

176020 

122 

203140 

149 

248560 

172 

286700 

240 

58 

112200 

83 

158570 

101 

194140 

118 

224040 

143 

274140 

165 

316200 

250 

56 

123150 

79 

173520 

97 

212420 

112 

245150 

137 

2999(10 

158   34  5!  MM) 

260 

54 

133050 

76 

190390 

93 

233210 

108    269150 

132 

329330 

152   379800 

270 

52 

146630 

74 

207160 

90 

253610 

104 

292680 

127 

358120 

146   4130SO 

280 

50 

159150 

71 

225020 

87 

275470 

100 

317920 

122 

389000 

III    IIS700 

290 

48 

172050 

68 

242960 

84 

297430 

97 

343200 

118 

420010 

136 

•184460 

300 

47 

185550 

66 

262470 

81 

221313 

94 

370810 

114 

453730 

132   523350 

310 

45 

199690 

64 

282190 

78 

345460 

91 

398690 

110 

487830 

128   562690 

320 

44 

213450 

62 

302870 

76 

370770 

88 

427900 

107 

523580 

124   603920 

330 

43 

229160 

60 

323840 

74 

396440 

85 

457520 

104 

559830 

120   645730 

340 

41 

244660 

58 

345760 

72 

423270 

82 

488490 

101 

597720 

116   689430 

350 

40 

260590 

57 

368260 

70 

450820 

80 

520280 

98 

636610 

113   734300 

114 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Capacities  of  Steel   Plate  Fans  Under  Average  Working  Conditions 

SPEED  OF  FANS  AND  VOLUME  OF  AIR  IN  CUBIC   FEET   PER  MINUTE  AT  50°  F.  DISCHARGED  UNDER  AVERAGE 
WORKING  CONDITIONS  AT  VARIOUS  PRESSURES  IN  OUNCES  PER  SQUARE  INCH. 


Li  <>/.  PRKS. 

V4  Oz.  PBEB. 

¥4  Oz.  PREB. 

1  Oz.  PRES. 

VA  Oz.  PRES. 

2  Oz.  PRES. 

SlZK 

2585  VKI,. 

3653  VEL. 

4472  VEL. 

5161  VEL. 

6315  HKV. 

7284  VEL. 

INCIIKH 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

30 

448 

1059 

634 

1497 

775 

1833 

896 

2116 

1096 

2580 

1264 

2986 

35 

387 

1447 

584 

2041     671 

2500 

775 

2890 

947 

3475 

1091 

4080 

40 

341 

1800 

481 

2625     589 

3220 

680 

3710 

833 

4470 

960 

5240 

45 

301 

2327 

430 

3292     526 

4020 

607 

4640 

743 

5585 

857 

6550 

50 

276 

2690 

388 

3800     475 

4060 

548 

5360 

671 

6570 

774 

7570 

55 

251 

3310 

355 

4680     434 

5730 

501 

6600 

613 

8090 

708 

9320 

60 

230 

4190 

325 

5920     398 

7250 

459 

8320 

561 

10050 

650 

11800 

70 

197 

5690 

280 

8040     342 

9840 

394 

11340 

482 

13650 

557 

16010 

80 

173 

7240 

245 

10210     300 

12500 

346 

14450 

423 

17400 

488 

20400 

90 

154 

9180 

218 

12950     267 

15850 

308 

18300 

381 

22000 

435 

25800 

100 

139 

11770 

197 

16610     240 

20350 

278 

23500 

340 

28300 

392 

33200 

110 

127 

14000 

179 

19750     219 

24200 

252 

27950 

309 

33600 

357 

39400 

120 

116 

17150 

164 

24200     201 

29700  |   232 

34300 

284 

41200 

328 

48300 

130 

107 

19780 

152 

27900     186 

34200 

214 

39500 

262 

47600 

302 

55800 

140 

100 

23210 

141 

32800 

173 

40200 

199 

46400 

244 

55800 

282 

65500 

150 

94 

26650 

132 

37700 

162 

46150 

186 

53200 

228 

65300 

263 

75100 

160 

88 

30600 

121 

43250 

151 

53000 

174 

61100 

214 

74900 

247 

86200 

170 

82 

34100 

116 

48100 

142 

59000 

164 

68100 

201 

83400 

232 

96000 

180 

78 

38900 

110 

55000 

135 

67400 

155 

77700 

190 

95200 

220 

119500 

190 

74 

44100 

104 

62300 

128 

76300 

148 

88000 

180 

106000 

208 

124000 

200 

70 

49500 

99 

70000 

121 

85700     140 

98900 

171 

119000 

198 

139500 

210 

67 

54905 

94 

77700 

115 

94980     133 

109440 

163 

134130 

188 

154710 

220 

64 

,  61200 

90 

86460 

110 

105850 

127 

122060 

156 

149480 

180 

172410 

230 

61 

67800 

86 

95800 

105 

117390 

122 

135480 

149 

165770 

172 

191200 

240 

58 

74800 

83    105700 

101 

129420     118 

149360 

143 

182760 

165 

210650 

250 

56 

82100 

79    116050 

97 

142080     112 

163960 

137 

200630 

158 

231410 

260 

54 

88700 

76 

126700 

93 

155310     108 

179240 

132 

212320 

152 

252970 

270 

52 

97750 

74 

138100 

90 

169130 

104 

195190 

127 

238830 

146 

275480 

280 

50 

106100 

71    149920 

87 

183530 

100 

211810 

122 

259170 

141 

298930 

290 

48 

114700 

68    161900 

84 

198470 

97 

229040 

118 

280260 

136 

323640 

300 

47 

123700 

66 

1  74790 

81 

213990 

94 

246950 

114 

302170 

132 

348540 

310 

45 

133000 

64    188130 

78 

230170 

91 

265630 

110 

325030 

128 

374910 

320 

44 

142700 

62    201900 

76 

246850 

88 

284890     107 

348590 

124 

402080 

330 

43 

152800 

60    215900 

74 

264470      85 

305220     104 

373470 

120 

430770 

340 

41 

162900 

58 

230500 

72 

282000 

82 

325450 

101 

398220 

116 

459330 

350 

40 

173700 

57 

245500 

70 

300470 

80 

346770 

98 

424300 

113 

489410 

Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Standard  Steel  Plate  Cone  Wheel 


Furnished  with  Pulleys  or  Buffalo  Direct-attached  Engines. 

n6 


Buffalo   Mechanical   Draft   Apparatus 

Standard  Steel  Plate  Cone  Fans 

BUFFALO  STEEL  PLATE  CONE  FANS  possess  distinct  advantages  over  other  fans  or  disc  wheels.  They 
obviate  back  air  currents  and  utilize  the  centrifugal  force  of  the  fan  blades,  with  the  result  that  they  have 
large  capacities  and  are  economical  of  power.  They  will  deliver  air  against  reasonable  resistance,  often  being 
employed  to  force  air  against  a  resistance  of  two  and  one-half  ounces.  Cone  fans  are  most  efficient  when  used 
as  eduction  fans  for  ventilating  a  large  space  and  at  the  same  time  producing  a  pressure  upon  the  air  in  a 
closed  stoke  room  with  the  result  of  obtaining  both  ventilation  and  forced  draft  with  the  same  cone  fan. 

The  form  of  the  Buffalo  cone  wheel  was  adapted  after  exhaustive  experimenting  to  determine  the  most 
efficient  pattern,  and  as  a  direct  consequence  of  this  the  power  consumption  for  moving  any  given  volume  of 
air  is  a  minimum  for  this  style  of  fan.  The  circumferential  scroll  is  of  heavy  steel  plate  reinforced  with 
wrought  iron  bands.  The  wheels  are  made  very  rigid  and  brought  to  a  perfect  running  balance. 

Buffalo  cone  fans  are  built  so  that  the  top  will  turn  to  the  right  or  left  as  one  stands  facing  the  inlet, 
and  either  to  be  driven  by  pulley  or  by  direct-connected  fan  engine. 

DIMENSIONS  IN  INCHES,  ALSO  SPEEDS  AND  CAPACITIES  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  MINUTE  AT  50°  F.  DISCHARGED 
INTO  ATMOSPHERE  WITH  FREE  INLET  AND  OUTLET  AT  VARIOUS  PRESSURES. 


«  • 

BiS- 

. 

k, 

i  Oz.  PRES. 

i  Oz.  PRKS. 

J  Oz.  PRKB. 

1  Oz.  PRES. 

H  Oz.  PR  KB. 

2  Oz.  PRES. 

l<5 

S  *  - 

Hj.3* 

PULLEY. 

2585  VEL. 

3653  VEL. 

4472  VEL. 

5161  VEL. 

6315  VEL. 

7284  VEL. 

c- 

*<- 

*  o* 

=  - 

1)1  AM. 

FACE. 

asv, 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

REV. 

VOL. 

30 

11 

7* 

22} 

8 

3 

329 

3226 

465 

4559 

570 

5581 

657 

6441 

804 

7881 

928 

9090 

36 

12 

9 

27* 

9 

4 

275 

4652 

388 

6575 

475 

8049 

547 

9290 

670 

11367   773 

13111 

42   13* 

10* 

30 

9 

4 

235 

6328 

332 

8942 

407 

10957 

469 

12634 

574 

15459   662 

17831 

48   15 

12 

36  j 

10 

5 

205 

8272 

291 

11682 

356 

14310 

410 

16515 

502 

20208   579 

23309 

54   16 

13* 

38  J 

11 

,5 

183 

10464 

259 

14787 

316 

18102 

365 

20892 

446 

25563   515 

29485 

(ill   17 

15 

42| 

12 

6 

165 

12926 

233 

18265 

285 

22360 

329 

25805 

402 

31575  !  464 

36420 

66 

18 

16J 

17 

14 

6 

1  1(1 

15634 

211 

22093 

258 

27056 

298 

31214 

365 

38193 

422 

44053 

72 

20 

18 

52 

18 

7 

137 

18612 

194 

26301 

238 

32198 

274 

37159 

335 

45468 

386 

52445 

84 

23} 

21 

<MU 

20 

8 

118 

25333 

166 

35799 

203 

43826 

235 

50578 

287 

61887 

331 

71383 

96 

26 

24 

68* 

24 

9 

103 

33088 

146 

46758 

178 

57242 

206 

66060 

251 

80832 

390 

93235 

108 

30 

27 

77 

26 

10 

91 

41877 

129 

59178 

158 

72446 

182 

83608 

223 

102303 

257 

118000 

120 

34 

30 

85J 

30 

12 

82 

51700 

116 

73060 

142 

89440 

164 

103220 

201 

126300 

232 

145680 

144   40 

36 

102* 

36 

14 

68 

74448 

97 

105206 

119 

128794 

137 

148637 

167 

181872 

193 

209779 

168  !  46 

42 

120 

42 

15 

59 

101332 

83 

143197 

102 

175302 

117 

20231  1 

143 

247548 

165 

285533 

180 

49 

45 

128*. 

48 

16 

55 

116325 

78 

164385 

95 

201240 

110 

232245 

134 

284175 

155 

327780 

117 


Buffalo   Heating   and   Ventilating   Apparatus 

Belted  or  Direct-connected  Fans,  Drawing  or  Blowing  Through  Heaters 


Top  Horizontal  Discharge  Fan  with  Direct- 
attached  Upright  Engine,  drawing 
through  Heaters. 


Bottom  Horizontal  Discharge  Fan  with  Direct-connected 
Engine  drawing  through  Heaters. 


118 


Buffalo   Automatic   Cut-off  Engines 

Simple  or  Compound,   Direct-connected  or  Belted 


Buffalo  Horizontal  Center-crank  Engine. 


Buffalo  Tandem  Compound  Engine,  with  Extended  Sub-base, 
Direct-connected. 


119 


Buffalo   Centrifugal   Pumping  Machinery 

Single  or  Double  Suction,  Direct-connected  or  Belted. 


Buffalo  Double  Suction  Pump,  Direct-connected  to  Cross-Compound  Marine  Engine. 


C  o  m  p  c  n  cl 


AIR —  PAGE. 

Application  of,      ...         .....  59 

BEARINGS  — 

Buffalo  chain-ring  self-oiling,     ....    106,  107 

BLAST  WHEELS  — 

Buffalo  steel  plate, 107 

Standard  and  special  single  spiders,       .         .         .  109 

Standard  steel  plate,  cone,         ...                 .  116 

Standard  two  and  three  spider,       ....  108 

BLOWERS  — 

Buffalo  "B"   Volume 60 

BOILERS  — 

Application  of  forced  draft  to  Scotch  marine,       .  36 

Cannot  absorb  all  heat,     ......  23 

BUFFALO  FORGE  COMPANY-*- 

Induced  draft  plant,   Buffalo  Works,       ...  16 

Description  of  manufacturing  plant,        ...  9 

CALCULATION  — 

Basis  of, 45 

CAPACITIES  — 

Effect  of  resistance  upon,    ...         .         .         .110 

Of  steel  plate  fans  with  free  inlet  and  outlet,      .  114 
Of  steel  plate  fans  under  average   working  con- 
ditions,         115 

Of  Buffalo  cone  wheels,      .         .         .         .         .         .117 

COAL  — 

Evaporative  power  of,         ......  21 

Fuel  value  of  mixtures  of,    .      .         .         .         .         .55 

COLUMBUS  STREET  RAILWAY,  COLUMBUS,  OHIO  — 

Induced  Draft  plant, 26 

COMBUSTION  — 

Of  coal, 17 

Effect  of  increasing  rate  of,              .         .         .         .  45 

Heat  produced  by, 15 

Rates  of, 19 

Temperature  of  the  products  of,     .         .         .         .  19 


CONVENIENCE  — 

Of  mechanical  draft, 


PAGE. 
59 
6 
51 


COPYRIGHT, 

CORRESPONDENTS,  TO, 

COST  OF  MECHANICAL  DRAFT  — 

First, 53 

Of  operation, 53 

Of  power  production, 49 

Using  natural  and  mechanical  drafts,  comparative,        51 
Curves, 46 


CULM  BANKS 

DAMPERS  — 

Forced  draft,  regulating  .... 
DAMAGE  — 

Liability  to, 

DRAFT  — 

Advantages  of  forced,        .... 

Advantages  of  induced,      .... 

Application  to  steamships, 

Arguments  in  favor  of  mechanical, 

Advantages  of  mechanical, 

Chimney,        ....... 

Effects  of  chimney, 

Forced,  valuable  in  burning  of  screenings, 

Forced,  used  for  years,       .... 

Induced,  on  shipboard,      .... 

Induced  and  forced,  combined, 

Importance  of  good, 

Mechanical  induced,    ..... 

Mechanical  vs.  natural,      .... 

Objections  to  forced,  .... 

Plants,  Buffalo  forced 

Regulating  dampers, 

To  feed  the  furnace,  .... 

DRAFT  GAUGE — 

Buffalo  improved  hook,     .... 


25 

65 
59 

35 
61 
39 
53 
31 
31 
47 
37 
35 
39 
41 
25 
27 
11 
37 
37 
65 
23 

62 


Compend  —  Continued 


DRAFT,  MECHANICAL —  PAGE. 

Assumes  three  forms, 25 

Definition  of, 3 

ECONOMIZER  AND  MECHANICAL  DRAFT — 

Tests  of 31 

ECONOMY — • 

From  boilers,  engines  and  dynamos,        ...  43 

Of  high  rates  of  driving, 47 

Of  power, 113 

EFFICIENCIES  — 

Causes  of  low, 43 

Why  greater, 57 

ENERGY  — 

Latent, 15 

Into  work,  conversion  of  latent,      .        .        .        .  15 

ENGINES  — 

Buffalo  automatic  cut-off, 119 

Double  double-acting  with  steel  plate  fans,    .        .  73 

Double  single-acting  with  steel  plate  fans,      .         .  75 

EXHAUSTERS  — 

Actual  performance  of  steel  plate,    .        .        .      111-113 

Performance  of  steel  plate  (curve) 112 

FANS,  BUFFALO  — 

Arranged  in  duplicate  for  connection  to  economizer 

and  stack, 58 

Arranged  in  duplicate  for  connection  to  economizer 

and  stack, 56 

In  duplicate  with  cylinder  below  shaft  engine       .  54 

Buffalo  steel  plate, 33 

Buffalo  steel  plate  pulley, 103 

Employed  to  obtain  forced  draft  and  ship  ventilation,  40 

Full  housing  of  the  three-quarter  type,           .         .  32 
Full  housing  of  the  three-quarter  type,  horizontal 

tandem 52 

Full  housing  with  cross-compound  engine,     .        .  67 
Full  housing  with  vertical  cylinder  above  shaft 

engine, 84 


FANS,  BUFFALO — Continued  PAGE. 

Full  housing  with  cylinder  above  shaft  engine,  .  86 
Full  housing  with  vertical  cylinder  above  shaft 

engine, 85 

Full  housing  with  cylinder  above  shaft  engine,  .  87 

Full  housing  with  cylinder  below  shaft  engine,  .  88 

Full  housing  with  cylinder  below  shaft  engine,  .  90 

Full  housing  with  cylinder  below  shaft  engine,  .  91 

Full  housing  with  cylinder  below  shaft  engine,  .  92 

Full  housing  with  cylinder  below  shaft  engine,  93 

Full  housing  with  double  horizontal  engine,  .  .  68 

Full  housing  with  double  single-acting  engine,  .  74 

Full  housing  with  overhung  pulley,  ...  98 

Full  housing  with  motor, 60 

Full  housing  standard  Buffalo  steel  plate,  .  .  99 
Full  housing  with  overhung  pulley,  .  .  .100 

Full  housing  with  overhung  pulley,  .  .  .  101 

Full  housing  with  overhung  blast  wheels,  .  .  105 

Special  steel  plate  steam, 69 

Three-quarter  housing  steel  plate  fan  with  double 

horizontal  engine,     .......  70 

Three-quarter  housing  bottom  horizontal  discharge 

with  engine,       ........  70 

Three-quarter  housing  with  horizontal  center-crank 

engine         . 78 

Three-quarter  housing  with  horizontal  center-crank 

engine, 79 

Three-quarter  housing  with  horizontal  side- crank 

engine, 80 

Three-quarter  housing  with  horizontal  side-crank 

engine, 81 

Three-quarter  housing  with  horizontal  side-crank 

engine, 82 

Three-quarter  housing  with  horizontal  side-crank 

engine,         .........  83 

Three-quarter  housing  with  overhung  pulley,         .  (J4 

Three-quarter  housing  steel  plate  with  overhung 

pulley, 95 

Three-quarter  housing  with  overhung  pulley,         .  96 


C  o  m  p  e  n  d  —  Continued 


FANS,  BUFFALO  —  Continued  PAGE. 

Three-quarter  housing  with  overhung  pulley,          .  97 

With  Buffalo  center-crank  engine,    ....  77 

With  double  single-acting  engine,     ....  75 

With  double  double-acting  engine,  special  discharge  72 
With  overhung  blast  wheels,     .         .         .         .         .102 

With  overhung  blast  wheels,     .....  104 

With  self-contained  upright  engines,        ...  89 

With  special  double  horizontal  engines,           .         .  71 

FANS,  CONE — 

Buffalo  steel  plate, 117 

FLEXIBILITY  ESSENTIAL, 49 

FLUE  GASES  — 

Temperature  curves  of, 42 

FURNACE  EFFICIENCY  — 

Highest, 15 

GUARANTEE, 113 

GOULDS  MANUFACTURING  Co.,  SENECA  FALLS,  N.  Y. — 

Forced  draft  plant 34 

HEATING  AND  LIGHTING  STATIONS — 

Central, 41 

HEATING  AND  VENTILATING  APPARATUS — 

Buffalo, 118 

LEMP,  WM.  J.,  BREWING  Co.,  ST.  Louis,  Mo. — 

Induced  draft  plant,    .......  22 

MlNER-HlLLARD   MILLING   Co.,   MINERS   MlLLS,    PA. — 

Induced  draft  plant, 28 

OBJECTIONS  URGED 37 

OSAKA  WATER  WORKS,  OSAKA,  JAPAN — 

Induced  draft  plant, 13 

Pl.AINFIELD   GAS   AND   ELECTRIC   Co.,    PLAINFIELD,   N.  J. 

Induced  draft  plant, 24 


PAGE. 

PREFACE, 7 

PUMPS  — 

Buffalo  centrifugal,      .         .         .         .         .         .         .120 

RADIATION  AND  CONDUCTION — ,        ....  21 

RESUME  OF  AUTHENTIC  DATA, 33 

SCOTTISH  CO-OPERATIVE  WHOLESALE  SOCIETY'S  JUNC- 
TION MILLS  WORKS,  LEITH — 

Forced  draft  plant, 38 

SMOKE — • 

Formation  of, 21 

SPEED  REGULATING  VALVE — 

Connections  to  a  fan  engine, 62 

TEMPERATURE — • 

Probable  final, 43 

Of  air,  influence  of  the        ......        48 

Diagram, 50 

"THE  VILLAGE  BLACKSMITH," 4 

THERMAL  EFFICIENCY  CURVES, 44 

TITLE  PAGE, 5 

UNITED  ELECTRIC  Co.  OF  NEW  JERSEY,  HOBOKEN,  N.  J. — 

Induced  draft  plant, 20 

UNITED  TRACTION  COMPANY,  ALBANY,  N.  Y. — 

Induced  draft  plant,    .         .         .         .         .         .         .        18 

VIEWS  — 

Of  the  Buffalo  Forge  Company  plant,     ...          8 

Of  a  boiler  plant  with  mechanical  and  natural  draft,        10 

Of  Osaka  Water  Works  plant,  Osaka,  Japan,    .         .        12 
WATKINS  SALT  COMPANY,  WATKINS,  N.  Y. — 

Induced  draft  plant, 14 

WATERLOO  WOOLEN  MILLS,  WATERLOO,  N.  Y. — 

Forced  draft  plant, 36 


or  THf 
{    UNIVERSITY 


123 


The  Courier  Company,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


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SENT  ON  ILL 

FEB  0  2  1995 

U.  C.  BERKELEY 

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U.  C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


